FORTE! Hamline Music

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Hamline's Music History

Movements in Music

FORTE! Home	Instrumental:	Choral:
1854-1872	1920-1950	1920-1950
1880-1910	1950-1970	1950-1970
1910-1920	1970-Present	1970-Present
Hamline University

Using Works Cited: Due to the amount of research that was necessary in compiling such a complete history, and sheer number of student researchers, our Works Cited listings may be different from what you are used to. The references to our Works Cited page can be found in ( ). The first number in the ( ) refers to the corresponding reference number on the Works Cited page found at the end of this document. The second number after the comma (if it exists) represents the page number of the source from which the information was taken. Please keep in mind that each movement has its own Works Cited page, there may be more movement information found beneath it. If you have any questions about the source information that is found on this page please contact the Hamline Archives or email us! Thank you.

1880-1920

Overview 1880-1889:
From 1880-1889, the Hamline music department showed signs of expansion and interest. Many students were excited about their musical opportunities at Hamline and returned year after year to contribute to the department. Students believed music was a way to entertain themselves, add culture to the University, and advertise the talent at Hamline to the community as well as the campus.

From 1880 to 1883, Hamline saw three directors head the music department in four years. This instability did not allow the department to grow or branch out into specialized groups or to take full advantage of the students' talents. In 1883, Lyman F. Brown became the Director of the Music Department and also instructed piano, voice culture, and harmony. The opportunity for instruction in piano, singing, harmony, advanced chorus practice, as well as the possibility of concert events attracted a large class of music students. The twenty-six music students at Hamline in 1883 came from places as far as Austin, Texas. This was the largest class of music students Hamline saw until 1887, when thirty-seven students studied under F.W. Merriam, then in his second year as Music Director. The music department offered their students the opportunity to hear lectures on musical topics, give public concerts and recitals, and study the works of various composers. Merriam remained at Hamline through the 1893-1894 school year, the longest tenure of a music director at Hamline until that time.

By November of 1888, students of Hamline were voicing a desire for the creation of a musical organization. Students were quoted in the Oracle as saying "....[A musical organization] would fit in nicely in many ways and help to liven the quiet winter months. It would make work, but the result would recompense the outlay." (Hamline Oracle, editorial November, 1888.)

In October of 1889 a glee club was in its beginning stages of organization. It was expected to be a club of eight or nine people accompanied by a small quartet of a mandolin, banjo, and guitar. The students were excited about the entertainment possibilities. A month later the Oracle reported that the Glee Club had been working hard and improving every day. Their first performance was on December 11th, 1889 in the University Chapel. The performance attracted the largest audience of the season and the crowd was very enthusiastic. The Glee Club responded to chants for encores after encores. All the proceeds went to the BaseBall Nine Club, the Hamline Baseball team.

The Glee Club would go on to deliver more performances in the next few months to large appreciative houses.

The Oracle (Microfilm) 1888-1892

October 1888
Personal "H. H. Norton, '90, after completing his European trip, intends taking a course of study in music at Berlin."

Locals "The church choir has been reorganized." "Next Tuesday evening, October 30th, The 'Branches of the Vine' will give a concert in the chapel."

November 1888
Editorial "Why can't we have a glee club or a choral club or some sort of musical organization? Of course Hamline musical talent is not the best in the country, but at the same time it is not the worst, nor to be simpered at, and the taste for music should be cultivated. Such an organization as mentioned above, would fit in nicely in many ways and help to liven the quiet winter months. It would make work, but the result would recompense the outlay."

Personal "James G. Clark gave an entertainment in the University Chapel on Wednesday evening, November 17th. His program consisted of religious, patriotic and humorous songs, and scotch ballads. The entertainment was attended by a highly appreciative audience. Mr. Clark composes most of the songs he sings, and plays his own accompaniments."

Local "Tuesday evening, October 30th, a concert was given in the chapel by the 'Little Branches of the Vine' assisted by members of the Chinese Sunday School, of St. Paul. The entertainment was interesting and unique."

"Excellent talent is developing itself for an orchestra. Would it not be quite an advertisement for our own institution to have music events in the city furnished by Hamline talent? Well boys, go on anyway and give us the pleasure of your talent."

December 1888
Class Statistics of 1888 "Our accomplishments in music and art are mostly either past or 'in futuro.' Any attempt in using our vocal organs in rendering 'Sweet Sunny Days' or 'Jingle Bells' has been met by 'Cheese that Racket' from some surly cop with no ear for music. But if we do not excel in vocal music, we can at least boast of the accomplishments of our ladies, as they are all well acquainted with the piano..."

Personal "The oratorical contest for the Hodgson Prize, on Tuesday evening, December 11th, passed off pleasantly. The programme was of such length that had it not been for unusually interesting parts and the excellent music which was interspersed, it would have been somewhat tiresome."

January 1889
Local "The Harmony Club held a pleasant reception at the home of Mrs. Church Tuesday evening."

March 1889
Locals "It is rumored that Hamline will soon have a brass band of sixteen pieces."

May 1889
Class Day Program, June 5th, 1889
Vocals Selection Class Quartet
Piano Solo C.H.Slocum
Vocalist Solo S.F.Kerfoot
Class Song

Commencement Day Program
Overture-"Light Cavalry"
Clarinet Solo-"Concerto op. 73, Adagio and Rondo" Oscar Ringwall

October 1889
"A great deal of interest has been awakened by some rumors getting afloat in regard to a Glee Club. Upon investigating the matter it is learned that initial steps have been taken by a number of the students, with the hearty approval of the president, to form such an organization as above referred to. It is with great pleasure that we herald the tidings. A long felt want will be met, we hope, by this club. At present it is to consist of some eight or nine members, from among whom a small orchestra will be selected, also a quartet made up of those who play the mandolin, the banjo, and the guitar; in this way a varied and interesting entertainment can be given. It is expected that some diligent and successful work will be done in the next two months, at the end of which time great things are expected. Success to the enterprise! May all enter into it with spirit, and may glory crown their efforts and add laurels to our college."

November 1889
"The Hamline Glee Club has been hard at work and is steadily improving. If reports are true it is already able to give a first class entertainment. However, the boys think nothing will succeed like success, so propose to be thoroughly prepared before appearing before the public. About the holidays, or a little later, they expect to be ready to fill a few engagements in neighboring places, but as yet, no definite arrangements have been made. Their first appearance will be in the University Chapel, Wednesday, December 11th, for the benefit of the BaseBall Nine. There ought to be good attendance then for two reasons, first, to show your appreciation of home talent and to encourage the club; second, the proceeds are to be given to the ball nine in whose success you are all interested. Without elaborating or dwelling further upon the propriety of giving the club a good audience, we urge you all to turn out and fill the chapel overflowing."

A History of the Music Department 1890-1899
Although the music department was quite small throughout the 1890s, music nevertheless played an important role in many students' lives. Most of the musical activities came from the Glee Club, Literary Societies, and various other ensembles that performed on a regular basis. Many students participated in both the Literary Societies and the various ensembles of the music department. Throughout the decade, the music department continued to expand and produce a variety of musical talent on campus.

Spring 1890
At this time the Director of the Music Department was F.W. Merriam, who remained at Hamline until 1894. Also in the department, having just joined the faculty, was Professor Williard J. Patten, whose specialty was voice instruction. He remained at Hamline until 1893.

In the Oracle, the Glee Club reported that their February tour had been a grand success. While on tour, they gave the first ever college Glee Club entertainment in Austin, which was said to have been very much appreciated by the town. The tour then moved on to Dodge Center and then to Rochester. While in Rochester the Club took a free sleigh ride to an insane asylum, where they sang for the inmates and were given a tour of the facilities. They also sang at the M.E. Church for the Young People's Society, after which they were given an informal reception. To end the tour in Winona, the Club sang to a full Opera house of between 800 and 1000 citizens, the largest sale of seats on record for the house. The Club performed several double encores, which emphasized their success (12 p. 8-9).

1890-1891
The Glee Club was reorganized in October 1890 to include the following members: First tenors, Guy E. Maxwell, P.R. Stowers; second tenors, W.E. Judson, C.L. Higbee; first bass, E.S. Hixon, Mr. Simonton; second bass, E.N. Tuckey, J.E. Lathrop. The officers of the club included: Musical director, E.N. Tuckey; manager, Guy E. Maxwell. The Club practiced every day under the direction of Professor Patten (13). The Glee Club began to gain a lot of popularity for their "rollicking college songs" (14).

In addition to the Glee Club at this time, there were other musical organizations on campus. There was a Sophomore Quartet composed of all males (14), and also the H.U. '93 Quartet, which is also all male (15).
An addition was made to the music department at Hamline in January, with the organization of a brass band (15). The band consisted of 17 pieces, and was directed by B. Weston (17).

Concerts at Hamline were often given to support a cause, as was the case with the concert given in February by Professor F.W. Merriam and his students for the benefit of the Hamline M.E. Sunday School (16). The Music Department faculty also performed concerts for their students, as Professor Merriam and Professor Patton did in May (18).

1891-1892
There were many musical organizations at Hamline during this year both within the music department, and within the Literary Societies. There is no mention of a Glee Club during this year, but the music department did consist of: The H.U. '93 Quartet, The String Quintet Club, and The Sophomore Quartet. There were also at this time, four Literary Societies that had their own quartets. They were the Philomathean, Amphictyon, Browning, and Athenaean Quartets (7). The Society Quartets performed mainly at their society public programs, and the organizations of the department performed at various concerts on and off campus throughout the year.

In November Professor Patten organized a chorus of 20 voices, which met to practice every Wednesday afternoon. The officers of the chorus were: G.E. Maxwell, president; Miss G.B. Jenks, secretary; and E.C. Rossman, librarian (19).
In March it was noted in the Oracle that the '94 Quartet had been practicing in the room below a Professor's classroom and their performance so amused the class that a messenger had to be sent down to "shut them off" (20 p.76).
Music was often used to help support Hamline's athletic organizations. On April 28th a musical and athletic entertainment was given for the benefit of the baseball club. Music was furnished by the String Quintet, the Ladies' Quartet, and the Sophomore Quartet, as well as a few vocal and instrumental solos (10 p.102).

The class of '92 showed their love of music and school spirit by composing their own class song (10 p.101) (Please contact Jenny DeKarske, 523-4019, if you would like a copy of the lyrics).

1892-1893
The Glee Club resurfaced in the Oracle this year combined with a Banjo Club. The Glee and Banjo Club took a tour in May that brought them to River Falls, Prescott, Shakopee, Le Sueur, St. Peter, and Mankato. Everywhere on the tour, the club played and sang to large, appreciative audiences. Upon their return, the Oracle noted that they had received all the honors they were capable of carrying on their tour (5 p.8-9,13).

The music department included: an Orchestra, a Troupe Banjo Club, and also a Banjo Orchestra, which was directed by Professor Ray D. Youngman. The Athenaean, Browning, Philomathean, and Amphictyon Societies all had quartets. In addition, the Amphictyon Society had a String Club, and the Athenaean Society had a Whistling Quartet (8).

1893-1894
There was an addition of an orchestra to the music department this year. It was advertised in the Oracle in November that the H.U. Orchestra was open for engagements and social gatherings. The Orchestra was managed by G.D. Montgomery (21 p.21).

Along with the addition of an orchestra, there was also the mention of a '97 String Band (22 p.14).
The Glee Club was said to be making its debut in April, its membership consisting of Messrs. Tasker, Douglas, Kerfoot, and Foss. This new edition of the Glee Club ran into some trouble with the law, when singing on a St. Paul street corner while waiting for a car, a policeman ordered them to desist, and called upon another officer to appear in case there were to be any trouble (23 p10-11).

The Society Quartets and the Banjo Club were still present and performing, with new membership.

1894-1895
The Music Department was led by new faculty this year; Mr. H.H. Clark in vocal music, and Mrs. H.L Osborn in piano. Mr. Clark remained with the department until 1904, and Mrs. Osborn remained until 1902.

The music department included the H.U. Quartet, a '94 Quartet, and a '95 Quartet (9).

The Amphictyon Literary Society expanded its musical talent to include an orchestra of nine instruments, in addition to its quartet (1 p.12-13). The Browning Literary Society added a chorus of 12 voices to their musical talent (2 p.6), as well as a String Sextet (9). The other societies were also still very musically active through their quartets. The H.U. Orchestra and Quartet were also still actively performing.

1895-1896
The vocal and instrumental students organized a music history to study the principle composers. The class officers were Mrs. H.L. Osborn, president; Miss Nellie Sylvester, secretary; and Miss Lillie Wold, treasurer (24 p.13).

Professor Charles DeLacy , whose focus was vocal music and culture, joined the music department faculty (25 p.12). Professor DeLacy organized a concert to benefit the choir fund in May (26 p.11). He remained at Hamline for two years.

The class of '96 seems to have been particularly gifted in music. To celebrate Commencement in June, the class held a musicale, in which a number of students performed in different musical ensembles (11 p.2). Of the students who performed in the Musicale, two had definite plans to continue their music education. Miss Jennie Kimball, who ranked high among Hamline musicians, announced that she would continue studying music (27 p.8). Also, Miss Edna U'Ren, an accomplished pianist, announced that after teaching for a year, she planned to travel to Germany to complete her music education (27 p.10).

1896-1897
The Glee Club resurfaced again under the direction of Professor DeLacy. The members of the club rehearsed twice a week. Part of every rehearsal was dedicated to voice study and technique, as well as practice. Two quartets were also selected from the members of the Club (6 p.10).

The H.U. Orchestra was still performing, as well as the music groups of the Literary Societies.

1897-1898
It was reported the Miss Pearl Benham, who had been active in the music department and Literary Societies, was studying music in New York. Rumors started about the formation of a new Glee Club composed of Hall Girls (28 p.8, 14). Before this time, Glee Club membership was limited to men.

The Literary Societies were actively involved in music in this year. An orchestra was to be formed in the Zaraphathian Society (32 p.12), and the society quartets were still performing. In April it was suggested that the Societies combine their musical efforts for a joint program because it was thought that no one society had the capability of presenting a full musical program (30 p.13).

1898-1899
Two professors, not listed as music department faculty, were acknowledged for their musical talent. Professor Ryder (of St. Paul) "is an excellent musician and fairly makes the mandolin speak." Professor Herbert was described as the vocal instructor of several Hamline Students (31 p.9).

A Guitar and Mandolin club was formed again under the management of Professor Ryder. The club consisted of twenty pieces, among which were two violins (4 p.14).

In December Miss Pearl Benham '97 performed as a contralto soloist in St. Paul's Church in New York City (3 p.12). Later in the year she was recognized as the talented contralto of St. Paul's quartet (29 p.11).

The choir and orchestra were still performing, and the society musical groups, especially the Philomathean Quartet, were also still actively performing.

Fall 1899
The Glee Club was still present and practicing for performances.

Summary
Hamline's music department consisted of many small musical groups during this decade. A number of different quartets were formed, and the Glee Club seems to have come and gone a number of times. (I think that it is possible that it still existed, but wasn't mentioned during those times). Throughout the decade, the Literary Societies were a source of music through their quartets and other ensembles. The music department faculty remained small, with no more than three professors in one school year. Despite the size, it appears that Hamline was still very active musically, inside and outside of the department.

Works Cited

1. "Amphictyon Society." The Oracle, November 1894, Society Life 12-13.
2. "Browning Public." The Oracle, January 1895, 6.
3. "The Class of '97." The Oracle, 1 December 1898, Alumni 12.
4. "College Notes." The Oracle, 15 November 1898, 14.
5. "Glee and Banjo Club Trip." The Oracle, May 1893, 8-9,13.
6. "Glee Club." The Oracle, October 1896, 10.
7. The Liner, 1892.
8. The Liner, 1893.
9. The Liner, 1895.
10. "Musical and Athletic Entertainment." The Oracle, June 1892, 101-102.
11. "The Musicale." The Oracle, June 1896, 2.
12. "Notes from the Glee Club." The Oracle, February 1890, 8-9.
13. The Oracle, October 1890, Locals.
14. The Oracle, December 1890, Locals.
15. The Oracle, January 1891, Locals and Personals.
16. The Oracle, February 1891, Locals.
17. The Oracle, March 1891, Locals.
18. The Oracle, May 1891, Locals.
19. The Oracle, November 1891, Locals.
20. The Oracle, March 1892, 76.
21. The Oracle, November 1893, Locals, 21.
22. The Oracle, February 1894, 14.
23. The Oracle, April, 1894, 10-11.
24. The Oracle, December 1895, 13.
25. The Oracle, February 1896, 12.
26. The Oracle, May 1896, 11.
27. The Oracle, June 1896, Alumni 8, 10.
28. The Oracle, October 1897, 8,14.
29. The Oracle, 15 January 1899, Alumni 11.
30. "Society." The Oracle, April 1898, 13.
31. "Society Department." The Oracle, 1 November 1898, 9.
32. "Society Notes." The Oracle, November 1897, 12.

1910-1912

1910-1912 were slow years in the Hamline's music department. With the recent closing of the Hamline Preparatory Department in 1909 and its sizable, pre-freshman music department, Hamline struggled to redefine its music department. The Hamline Bulletin from these years makes no reference to any music department at all (1&2 ). The Liners show evidence to support the idea that there was a meager musical program being put on by the University outside the curriculum. During these years Professors Colville and Holmes, previously from the Preparatory Department, continued instructing music. However, music was not noted in any part of Hamline University's curriculum during these years.

The Oracle does give mention to a certain Professor Pease who was in charge of the Glee Club. In the December of 1910 the members of the Glee Club were chosen. (13) In March of 1911 the Glee Club made its debut and took a 700-mile tour of Northern and Western Minnesota under the direction of Professor Pease. (14) In April the Glee Club had further doings on campus and was labeled as the "Best Organization in Hamline." (15)

In the May 11th, 1911 issue of the Oracle it was reported that the Glee Club had a concert to great success and that Professor Holmes participated with violin solos. (16) Later in May it was advertised that there would be a Glee Club Banquet with Professor Pease.

It is important to note that the Glee Club only existed for men. The Women's Glee Club did not come about for another few years.

1912-1913
It was in these years that the music department at Hamline University, as we now know it, was born. Although the Bulletin of Hamline University continues to deny reference to a music department and any part it may play in the curriculum, it is in these documents that there are musical directors listed at a University level. Previous to these years, the only musical instructors listed where from the Preparatory Department of Hamline. Rollin Malbone Pease was listed as the Instructor of Singing. Pease received his A. B. at Northwestern University. Also, during these years George Archie Thornton was listed as the Instructor of Piano, Organ, and Violin. Thornton, it appears came from a more prestigious academic musical background as a graduate of The Royal Academy in London. These Professors where listed in a column separated from the rest of the Hamline Professors, and it seems quite possible that they were only part time employees of the University. (3) No further mention of Colville and Holmes were ever made in connection to Hamline University after this time.

1913-1914
An article of the September 16th, 1913 edition of the St. Paul Dispatch read as follows:

"The seven new instructors will make their bows to the university public at this convocation. They are as follows:...John Jaeger, teacher of voice and director of the Glee club. A program of music will be given by Prof. Jaeger, Prof. G. A. Thornton, teacher of piano and violin, and others" (4). It was perhaps this event that changed the course of the Hamline Music Department forever. Jaeger would go on to spend a sixteen-year tenure as director of the Glee club. During his time at Hamline he would witness and oversee the birth of a Formal University band and the growth of a performing Glee club. In the Bulletin it listed John August Jaeger as the Instructor of Singing, and having graduated from the Conservatory of Ohio, Wesleyan University. Thornton was also listed as a staff member with the same credentials of 1912-13. (4)
It is also important to note that the Hamline Bulletin made no further reference to the Music Department, and it remained very unclear on how music fit into the Hamline curriculum.

1914-1916
These two academic school years witnessed very little change in faculty, and were probably building years for which Jaeger and Thornton to create a platform from which they could launch the Hamline University Music Department. In both Bulletins there was no reference made to the music department other than the listed names and credentials of both Jaeger and Thronton. (7&8 )

1916-1917
In this academic year Jaeger made a breakthrough for the Hamline University Music Department. Perhaps for the first time in Hamline's history, the Music Department was acknowledged in the Bulletin. In the Organization section of the Hamline University Bulletin the following is stated:

"A number of musical clubs give tone and harmony to the scholastic temper of the college. Chief among them are the Men's Glee Club and the Women's Glee Club. The former has for years been an integral part of the college complex. Their concerts over the State have carried the name of Hamline pleasantly to thousands of friends, old and new. The Women's Club, a new organization, is no whit behind merit. Both are under the most competent guidance of Professor Jaeger. The College Band, heretofore somewhat sporadic in appearance and course of existence, is now a firmly established institution. At present no general courses are provided in musical theory, and no credit is given for private work; but the matter is under consideration of a faculty committee." (9)

While Thornton is mysteriously missing from the faculty list, his affiliation to the school is still made apparent in the 1917 Liner. (10) It also seems apparent that when the Bulletin makes reference to the band it would be obvious that Thornton must have had some part in the bands direction. Other possibilities include that he went off to receive further education in music; as the 1917-18 Bulletin makes comment to a much larger extent of his personal education. (11)

1917-1918
In these years, for the first time, music is acknowledged by the bulletin to be part of the possible curriculum. Listed faculty and credentials are listed as follows:

John Jaeger
Instructor in Voice Culture and Director of the Glee Club

G. A. Thornton
Instructor in Pianoforte and Harmony
Certificates-The Royal Academy, London; Trinity College of Music, London; College of Music, Leeds; Diploma of the University of Durham

John Patterson Rossiter
Band Instructor
(Instructor in Public School Music) (11)

Further on in the Bulletin it outlines the courses offered in music at Hamline for the first time. They are as follows:
Professors Jaeger, Thornton and Instructors

1. Introductory Harmony (written and keyboard). Scale and melody writing. Intervals and two part writing, chord reading, triads, inversions, figured basses, cadences. Dominant 7th chords. Easy modulations. (A) Thornton. All courses in Harmony give two hours college credit.

2. Harmony. Figuring of chords and the harmonizing of sample melodies. Use of triads, dominant, diminished, supertonic 7th chords and inversions. Chords of the 9th, suspensions and notes foreign to the harmony. Pedal-point and modulation, etc. Elementary analysis.(A) Thornton.

3. Harmony continued and counterpoint in the various species. (B) Thornton. Prerequisites 1, 2.

4. Harmonizing of chorales, extreme modulations, unprepared and unresolved dissmances, etc. Analysis. The system which has prevailed to a great extent in teaching harmony by means of figured bass has been to a large extent abandoned. With specially gifted students it may perhaps meet requirements but it is mechanical. Many who work its problems correctly frequently fail to grasp the real principle of harmonic progressions and cannot harmonize a simple tune effectively. Harmony, if studied properly, should enable the student to hear and see all progressions, identify keys and modulations both on paper and at the key-board. The system used will tend to develop the musical institutions of the student and the result that he will be able to put his knowledge to practical use immediately. (B) Thornton

Piano and Organ. Thornton.

Voice Culture. Careful attention is given to the fundamentals of good singing, physical and mental poise, breath control, unconscious throat, resonance, enunciation, etc. The object which is constantly kept in mind is to cultivate an easy and agreeable yet virile style of singing, at the same time aiming to develop to the limit the possibilities of the individual voice. Practical application of these principles is made as early as possible in the use of standard sacred and secular songs.
The songs of the classic writers such as the German Lieder, selections from the Oratorios and Operatic Arias are studied after the pupil's range is sufficiently developed and the correct use of the voice has to a considerable extent become a habit. Jaeger. (11)

Furthermore, the department of music continued to work outside the curriculum through the Glee Clubs and College Band organizations. (11.pp )

1918-1919
This academic year saw further expansion of the Hamline Music Department and its faculty. While Rossiter is no longer listed in the Bulletin, the department picked up two new, quite accomplished, instructors. The husband and wife team of Mr. and Mrs. Dick brought new life and a vast store of experience to the music department. The Bulletin records the faculty as follows:

John August Jaeger
Instructor in Voice Culture and Director of the Glee Clubs
Conservatory of the Ohio Wesleyan University.

George Archibald Thornton
Instructor of Pianoforte, Harmony and Organ
Licentiate with double honors as teacher and performer, Trinity College, London; Certificate in Violin, Royal Academy of Music, London; Diploma in Violin Teaching, Leeds College of Music; Certificate in Piano, Trinity College of Music, London; Diploma in General Knowledge, University of Durham.

Maximillian Dick
Instructor in Violin
Ex-Concertmeister and Violin Soloist of the Philharmonic Orchestra, Leipzig; Formerly Principal Instructor of the Violin in the Bush Temple Conservatory, Chicago

Mrs. Edith Adams Dick
Instructor in Violincello
A pupil of Meinhard Eichheim of Chicago, Robert Hausmann of Berlin, and Heinrich Keifer of Munich. Formerly First Instructor of the Violincello in the Bush Temple Conservatory, Chicago. (5)

With such a distinguished staff, the music curriculum was sure to grow and Mr. and Mrs. Dick offered two more classes in Violin and Violincello respectively. This is above and beyond the classes offered in Harmony that continued to be offered by Thornton and Jaeger. (5)

Another interesting musical happening of these years, during World War I, was the College Band which was part of the S. A. T. C., the military organization on campus. This program is much like the ROTC of today. The Bulletin states, "The College Band was an efficient unit of the S. A. T. C. and is now a firmly established institution." (5)

1919-1920
The musical staff at Hamline remained the same in this year. Mr. Dick, for the first time, had the opportunity to define his Violin Class in the Bulletin. It read as follows:

25, 26. Violin. The course of study for the stringed instruments consists of most carefully selected and graded studies and solos chosen from the best works of the great teachers of the world. Careful attention is given to the development of technique, tone and interpretation. A special normal course will be given to advanced pupils who wish to prepare to teach. (12)

Also, it appears that the College Band, during these years, went back under the instruction of the University and there is no further mention of the S. A. T. C. The Bulletin states:

A College Band is usually maintained under capable leadership. It offers sound musical training to the members and adds much pleasure to college contests. (12)

Works Cited

1. Hamline University. Bulletin of Hamline University, 1910-11. St. Paul: Hamline University, 1910.
2. Hamline University. Bulletin of Hamline University, 1911-12. St. Paul: Hamline University, 1911.
3. Hamline University. Bulletin of Hamline University, 1912-13. St. Paul: Hamline University, 1912.
4. Hamline University. Bulletin of Hamline University, 1913-14. St Paul: Hamline University, 1913.
5. Hamline University. Bulletin of Hamline University, 1918-19. St. Paul: Hamline University, 1918
7. Hamline University. Bulletin of Hamline University, 1914-15. St. Paul: Hamline University, 1914.
8. Hamline University. Bulletin of Hamline University, 1915-16. St. Paul: Hamline University, 1915
9. Hamline University. Bulletin of Hamline University, 1916-17. St. Paul: Hamline University, 1916.
10. Hamline University. Liner of 1917. St. Paul: Hamline University, 1917
11. Hamline University. Bulletin of Hamline University, 1917-18. St. Paul: Hamline University, 1917.
12. Hamline University. Bulletin of Hamline University, 1919-20. St. Paul: Hamline University, 1919.
13. Hamline University. Oracle. 8 December 1911.
14. Hamline University. Oracle. 9 March 1911.
15. Hamline University. Oracle. 20 April 1911.
16. Hamline University. Oracle. 11 May 1911.
17. Hamline University. Oracle. 6 April 1911.

1920-1930

Rowles & Orchestra:
William Lloyd Rowles joined the music department in 1926 as head of the department. Rowles was a former assistant at Northwestern University School of Music, Evanston, Ill.(1,p.1), where he earned his master's degree (2,p.1). That year the music department offered courses focusing on students who wished to pursue a major in Public School Music Methods (1,p.1). Courses included "... Sight Singing, Ear Training and Diction, History and Appreciation of Music and Applied Music in piano and voice."(1,p1).

In December of 1926, Rowles organized the Hamline University Orchestra (3,p.1). By March of 1927 the Orchestra had sixteen members (4,p.1). In April of 1932 the orchestra, now under the direction of Harold O. Ross, reached thirty members (5,p.1).

In April of 1932 the orchestra played the accompanying musical score to a production of Ibsen's "Peer Gynt" for five nights, beginning on the 25th, at the Playhouse on Ashland Ave. and Mackubin St. (6,p.1). The production was presented by the St. Paul Community Theater (6,p.1).

Jaeger & the Men's and Women's Glee Clubs:
Professor John A. Jaeger, an instructor in individual voice instruction, was head of the Men's and Women's Glee Clubs until 1929. The Glee Clubs made annual tours of the state, and in April of 1926 had their first joint banquet to celebrate the conclusion of the Men's 42nd and the Women's 8th seasons (7,p.4).

The Men's Glee club had been an important organization at Hamline for a long time. One editorialist for The Hamline Oracle attributed them with "... putting and keeping Hamline on the map." (8,p.2). He goes on to say that "...the [Men's] Glee Club continues to be one of the best means of advertising that the university possesses. It is accorded by critics a place among Minnesota's premier musical organizations, and wherever it travels it is greeted by enthusiastic audiences." (8,p.2).

In January and February of 1929 the Men's Glee Club, of whom Robert Holliday was one of its seventeen members, went on a 4000 mile tour to the west coast, which included stops in North Dakota, Montana, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Utah, Colorado, and Nebraska (9,p.1). The tour was highly successful and it was estimated that 18,000 people had come to listen to the Glee Club in twenty-two cities (10,p.1). At one concert 1,000 people were turned away from a show in which 600 attended (11,p.1).

The Hamline Half-hour, the Hamline U. Radio Philharmonic & Henry J. Williams:
On October 21st, 1927 Hamline presented what was to be the first broadcast of a program entitled the Hamline Half-Hour, over WCCO radio (12,p.1). There were, initially, intended to be six of the programs, the purpose of which was to "...offer the people of the Northwest, through the sense of hearing, some idea of both academic and extra-curricular life in a small college which is both typical and excellent of its type." (12,p.1). The program would feature lectures or guest speakers as well as music. By December of that same year it was decided to continue the Friday Evening programs to the end of the school year (13,p.1). At the beginning of the school year, in September of 1928, WCCO booked 180 programs (14,p.1). The evening shows were moved to Monday's from 9:30 to 10:00 PM from the previous 9:00 to 9:30 PM Friday time slot, and a new morning program broadcast from 9:00 to 9:15 AM every weekday was added (14,p.1). The morning broadcasts were later moved to 1:15 to 1:30 PM to "...eliminate the necessity of the professors leaving their classes scheduled in the morning, and to more effectively reach a larger group of people." (15,p.12). In October of 1928 a WCCO questionnaire reported that 16,047 students in northwest high schools were listening to educational programs broadcast during the Tuesday and Friday morning shows (16,p.1). Thirty-four schools intended to purchase radios in order to better benefit from the programs (16,p.1). One superintendent felt that radio "...doubtless will intimately affect teaching very soon. A radio will be, if it is not now, necessary equipment in a school." (16,p.1). It was estimated that during the 1928-29 school year that the programs had reached 750,000 people (15,p.12).

On Monday, November 19, 1928 the Hamline University Philharmonic Radio Orchestra, under the direction of Henry J. Williams, harpist for the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra, made its debut on the Hamline Half-Hour (17,p.1). The group was to become a regular feature of the program (20,p.1). Among the twenty members of the orchestra (18,p.4), was Robert Holliday, who played piano (17,p.1). Henri Verbrugghen, director of the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra, upon hearing the performance, was reported to have been "...liberal in his praise of the technique of the orchestra." (19,p.1). In December of that same year The Hamline Oracle reported that:

...the orchestra is being heard in many portions of
the United States. During the last week letters have
come from Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey,
Florida, West Virginia, Montana, Michigan, Illinois,
Regina, La Fleche and North Battleford in Saskatchewan,
Canada, in addition to about two thousand cards and
letters from Minnesota, North and South Dakota, Iowa,
and Wisconsin (20,p.1).

On October 21st of 1929 George W. Gove, a bass-baritone with the American Opera company of New York (and Hamline alumnus of 1921), joined the Radio Philharmonic, newly enlarged to thirty members, for its first broadcast of the season (21,p.1).

Alec Simson & the Choral Club:
In 1929, Alec Simson took over as head of the music department. Simson started the Hamline University Choral Club, consisting of fifty-six voices (22,p.1), into which the Glee Clubs had been merged (23,p.9). The Glee Singers, a smaller version of the choir, also performed when a smaller group of singers was requested (23,p.9). The choir and Glee Singers remained busy touring churches and schools around the state as well as making appearances on the Hamline Half-Hour radio program. Dr. James J. Davies, a professor of German at the University of Minnesota and music critic for the Minneapolis Tribune, claimed that "Hamline University has done a great work in producing an organization such as their choir." (24,p.1).

Miscellaneous:

On Sunday, December 8th, 1929 a dedication was held for a new $25,000 pipe organ installed in the Hamline Methodist Episcopal Church (25,p.1). The organ, installed by the Hook and Hastings Co., Boston (25,p.1), was a donation of Mrs. Emma B. Norton of Pasadena, California (26,p.1). Mrs. Norton was the widow of Matthew G. Norton, the donor of Norton field to Hamline University (26,p.1). The donation was given as a memorial to her two sons Herbert H. Norton and Matthew G. Norton, both of whom had attended Hamline and had sung in the church choir and the glee club (26,p.1). The Hamline Oracle described the organ thus:

The organ, a four manual instrument, contains 3,455 pipes,
ranging in size from a 16-foot wooden pipe, 12 inches by 16
inches in area which produces the lowest note in the pedal
open diapason, to a tiny metal pipe in the swell organ, whose
speaking length is barely an inch and whose diameter is but
three sixteenths of an inch.
Sixty-seven speaking stops with 33 couplers furnish opportunity
to the organist for the adequate production of the greatest organ
work. Thirty combination pistons are available to produce an
infinite number of changes in registration, while a harp and a
set of chimes add to the possibilities of the instrument (25,p.1).

The wind for the organ was supplied by a 7 1/2 horsepower motor in the basement (27,p.1). To the motor was attached a generator which would supply current to the "electric action" of the organ (27,p.1).
----------
In the fall of 1930, the Hamline University Band was organized, as a permanent division of the music department, by a student named Emmet Anderson, who served as its director (28,p.1). The band consisted of thirty-three members (28,p.1).
----------
On March 16th, 1928 the students and faculty were given the opportunity to attend a concert by French composer and pianist Maurice Ravel, thanks to an invitation from a professor Delson, who was a member of Pro Musica, an international organization of musicians, who were holding the performance at the Minnesota club (29,p.1). Ravel, 53 at the time, was considered a recluse and was on only his first tour of America (29,p.1).

Bibliography
1) "Hamline Plans New Courses In Music." The Hamline Oracle, May 28,1926 ,v.XXXIX,
no.28, p.1
2) "New Teachers Announced by Pres. Kerfoot." The Hamline Oracle, April 23,1926,
v.XXXIX, no.23, p.1
3) "Rowles Will Form Hamline Orchestra." The Hamline Oracle, December 3,1926, v.XL, no.10, p.1.
4) "Piper Orchestra Has 16 Members." The Hamline Oracle, March 11,1927, v.XL, no. 19, p.1.
5) "Newcomers Added To Hamline Music." The Hamline Oracle, September 26,1931,
no.1, p.1.
6) "Orchestra Is To Accompany Play." The Hamline Oracle, April 22,1932, v. XLV, no. 22, p.1.
7) "Glee Clubs To Have First Banquet." The Hamline Oracle, April 23,1926, v.XXXIX, no. 23, p.4.
8) Gower, Allen. "The Men's Glee Club." The Hamline Oracle, October 29, 1926, v.XL,
no.6, p.2.
9) "Glee Club To Travel 4,000 Miles On Trip." The Hamline Oracle, January 14,1927, v.XL, no.12, p.1.
10) "Western Critic s Praise Glee Club." The Hamline Oracle, February 11,1927, v.XL, no.15, p.1.
11) "Glee Club Reports Success On Tour." The Hamline Oracle, February 4,1927, v.XL, no.14, p.1.
12) "Hamline In Radio Series Over WCCO." The Hamline Oracle, October 14,1927, v.XLI, no.3, p.1.
13) "Half-Hour Air Programs Will Be Continued." The Hamline Oracle, December 12,1927,
v.XLI, no. 9, p.1.
14) "180 Programs Are Booked By WCCO Series." The Hamline Oracle, September 28,1928, v.XLII, no. 1, p.1.
15) "Hamline Radio Season Opens Program Oct. 23." Hamline University Alumni Monthly
October 1929, v.XXVI, no.3, p.12.
16) "High School Head Praises Radio Series." The Hamline Oracle, October 19,1928, v.XLII, no. 4, p.1.
17) "Orchestra Is Ready For First Program Of Radio Schedule." The Hamline Oracle,
November 16,1928, v. XLII, no.8, p.1.
18) "Music Department Offers Programs." Hamline University Alumni Monthly, October 1928, v.XXV, no.3, p.4.
19) "Orchestra Praised In First Air Hour." The Hamline Oracle, November 23,1928, v.XLII,
no.9, p.1.
20) "Orchestra Plays Final Program." The Hamline Oracle, December 21, 1928, v. XLII, no. 12, p.1.
21) "Soloist And Orchestra To Open Broadcast Series On Monday Eve Over WCCO."
The Hamline Oracle, October 18, 1929, v. XLIII, no. 4, p. 1.
22) "Hamline Choral Club Is Billed On Radio Program Monday Evening At 9:30."
The Hamline Oracle, November 8, 1929, v. XLIII, no. 7, p.1.
23) Buell, Don. "From Among The Towers: Music." Hamline University Alumni Monthly, October 1929, v. 26, no. 3, p.9.
24) "Dr. Davies Lauds Choir Programs." The Hamline Oracle, February 6, 1931, v. XLIV,
no. 15, p.1.
25) "Dedication Of $25,000 Pipe Organ Planned For Sunday, Dec. 8..." The Hamline Oracle,
December 6, 1929, v. XLIII, no. 10, p.1.
26) "Hamline Church to Have $25,000 Organ." The Hamline Oracle, September 28, 1928,
v. XLII, no. 1, p.1.
27) "Organ To Be Ready For Use In September." The Hamline Oracle, December 7, 1928,
v. XLII, no. 10, p.1.
28) "Hamline 'U' Band Has 33 Members." The Hamline Oracle, November 21, 1930, v. XLIV, no. 8, p.1.
29) "French Composer Coming to St. Paul." The Hamline Oracle, March 2, 1928, v. XLI, no. 17, p.1.

1920-1930

William Lloyd Rowles
In 1926, William Lloyd Rowles took over as head of the Music department. At this time, the department had just returned from the McPhail School of Music. Before Rowles came, Jaeger was directing the glee club, but there was little other organized music on campus. Rowles, with an MA from Northwestern, was supposed to head the new music department [Alumni Quarterly, vol. XXII, no. 4], but little else is known about why he, in particular was chosen or why the decision was made to move the music department back from the MacPhail school. In the year that Rowles came, The Dicks, Maximillian and Edith, who had taught stringed instruments at Hamline before the move, came back, and they were joined by Ms. Harriet Allen, who taught piano, Lillian Knott, who taught public school methods, and Hugo Goodwin and R. Buchanan Morgan, both organists.

On December 26, 1925, the old Hamline Methodist church burned down, and the Hamline Alumni Quarterly indicated that a new church was to be erected, which would include a full organ. Hugo Goodwin and R. Buchanan Morgan were the new teachers of organ performance, in connection with Hamline Methodist Church. There is still an organ performance curriculum in existence at Hamline, conducted with the church.

In 1926, Rowles started the Hamline orchestra, and a small Choral Club, and Jaeger continued to be director of the glee clubs. Lillian Knott left after one year, and in 1928 was replaced by Ethyl Lewis, who was in turn replaced by George Krieger the next year as instructor in public school methods. In 1929, both Jaeger and Rowles left, Rowles to take a position in Washington.

In 1930, Alec Simson became the Director for Music at Hamline, and he combined the glee clubs into the newly-formed Hamline Choir (1931 Liner, pg. 90). Harold Orvis Ross, another addition, became director of the orchestra, as well as an instructor in piano, and Henry Williams, a harp soloist for the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra, who had come to Hamline a year earlier, began the Radio Philaharmonic, an orchestra that played on the Philharmonic Hour, which was a weekly broadcast from Hamline on the WCCO radio station (Liner 1929).

The Glee Clubs:

During Rowles' tenure, the Mens and Women's Glee Clubs continued to tour outstate and through the Pacific Northwest. The Liner of 1927 states, "Everywhere great crowds graciously accepted the singers, and press comments following the concerts greatly praised the programs" (pg. 91). During this time, both of the Holliday twins, Robert and John, sang in the Men's Glee Club.

The Hamline Choir:
When Alec Simpson formed the Hamline University Choir, it had about sixty members, and a smaller choir of thirty, the Euterpeans, was formed, which was also part of the larger choir. The Euterpean Chorus recieved more intensive musical training than the larger choir and met eleven times a week, five of those times with the rest of the choir (Liner, 1931, page 93.). The Euterpean Chorus also broadcast radio concerts on WCCO on Sundays, and the choir toured to such towns as Red Wing, Waseca, and Rochester.

Summary:
The Liner describes Rowles as the person who established the Department of Music at Hamline (Liner 1927 page 95). There was a tradition of music at Hamline before Rowles was here. There were courses that could be taken, glee clubs to perform in, and instructors in music. However, Rowles expanded the music curriculum into a full department, with a band and an orchestra, glee clubs and choirs, as well as quality private instructors. The new department seemed to have been fairly well balanced between private instruction and ensemble performance, orchestral and choral music, and to have had pretty fair variety of musical choices. Its ensembles were very involved and well respected in the community. From 1926 to 1932, the small musical offerings at Hamline became very credible, if not an exactly spectacular music department.

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