[INDONESIA-POLICY] Languages of Irian Jaya

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    Ethnologue: Areas: Asia
    
                           Indonesia, Irian Jaya
                                      
   1,641,000 (1995). Information mainly from Wurm and Hattori 1981, SIL.
   Data accuracy estimate: A2, B. The number of languages listed for
   Indonesia, Irian Jaya is 257. Of those, 256 are living languages and 1
   is extinct.
   
   ABUN (YIMBUN, A NDEN) [KGR] 3,000 (1995 SIL). North coast and interior
   of central Bird's Head, north and south of Tamberau ranges. Sorong
   Kabupaten, Ayamaru, Sausapor, and Moraid kecamatans. About 20
   villages. West Papuan, Bird's Head, North-Central Bird's Head, North
   Bird's Head. Dialects: ABUN TAT (KARON PANTAI), ABUN JI (MADIK), ABUN
   JE. Speakers are 5% to 15% literate in Abun. Bible portions 1991-1995.
   Work in progress.
   
   AGHU (DYAIR, DJAIR) [AHH] 3,000 (1987 SIL). South coast area along the
   Digul River west of the Mandobo language, Merauke Kabupaten, Jair
   Kecamatan. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western,
   Central and South New Guinea-Kutubuan, Central and South New Guinea,
   Awyu-Dumut, Awyu, Aghu. Distinct from Aghu of Australia. Survey
   needed.
   
   AIRORAN (AERORAN, ADORA, IRIEMKENA) [AIR] 400 (1991 SIL). North coast
   area on the lower Apawar River, extending west to the Mamberamo River
   and along Lake Rombebai. Subu, Motobiak, Isirania and other villages,
   Jayapura Kabupaten, Mamberamo Hilir and Pantai Barat kecamatans.
   Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Dani-Kwerba,
   Northern, Kwerba.
   
   AMBAI (AMBAI-MENAWI) [AMK] 9,000 to 10,000 (1991 SIL). On Ambai Island
   in Cenderawasih Bay, south of Serui Island, along the south coast of
   Serui Island from 136.20' to 136.45', Yapen Waropen Kabupaten, Yapen
   Selatan and Yapen Timur kecamatans. 10 villages. Austronesian,
   Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South
   Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen,
   Central-Western. Dialects: RANDAWAYA, AMBAI (WADAPI-LAUT), MANAWI.
   Closely related to Serui-Laut (77% lexical similarity), Ansus, Woi,
   Pom, Wabo, Wandamen (71%), Marau, Papuma, Munggui, Kurudu. Children
   are bilingual in Indonesian. Speakers are 50% to 75% literate in
   Indonesian. Typology: Serial verbs, complex directional demonstrative
   system. Bible portions 1994. Work in progress.
   
   ANSUS [AND] 4,600 (1987 SIL). Miosnum Island and the south coast of
   Serui Island, from 135.35' to 135.50', Yapen Waropen Kabupaten, Yapen
   Barat Kecamatan, Ansus, Kairawi, Aibondeni, and Yenusi villages.
   Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern
   Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea,
   Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western. 82% lexical similarity with
   Marau Papuma, 77% with Wandamen. Survey needed.
   
   ANUS [AUQ] 100 (1975 SIL). Island off north coast east of the Tor
   River, Jayapura Kabupaten, Bonggo Kecamatan. Austronesian,
   Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian,
   Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi.
   Survey needed.
   
   ARANDAI (YABAN, JABAN, DOMBANO, SEBYAR) [JBJ] 1,000 (1987 SIL).
   Southern Bird's Head, east and west of the Wariaga River and around
   the Sebyar (Timoforo) River, Manokwari Kabupaten, Bintuni Kecamatan.
   Trans-New Guinea, South Bird's Head-Timor-Alor-Pantar, South Bird's
   Head, South Bird's Head Proper, Eastern. Dialects: KEMBERANO (TOMU),
   DOMBANO (ARANDAI). Kemberano and Dombano appear to have 71% lexical
   similarity with each other in preliminary word lists; probably 2
   separate languages. Related to Kampong Baru. Survey needed.
   
   ARGUNI (ARGOENI) [AGF] 200 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Northwest
   coast of Bomberai Peninsula on an island in the Maccluer Gulf.
   Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central
   Malayo-Polynesian, North Bomberai. Survey needed.
   
   AS [ASZ] 250 (1988 SIL). West Bird's Head, north coast, villages of
   Asbakin (main center), Maklaumkarta, and Mega. Austronesian,
   Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South
   Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja
   Ampat. Reported to originate from Gag Island, west of Waigeo Island.
   60% lexical similarity with some dialects on Misool Island. Speakers
   can speak Moi or Indonesian as second language. Survey needed.
   
   ASMAT, CASUARINA COAST (KAWEINAG) [ASC] 9,000 (1991 SIL), including
   5,200 in Matia and 3,400 in Sapan. Casuarina coast from the Ewta River
   in the north to the Kuti River in the south, inland as far as 25 km
   from the coast in some places. Merauke Kabupaten, Pantai Kasuari
   Kecamatan. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western,
   Central and South New Guinea-Kutubuan, Central and South New Guinea,
   Asmat-Kamoro. Dialects: MATIA, SAPAN (SAFAN). Work in progress.
   
   ASMAT, CENTRAL (MANOWEE, JAS, YAS) [AST] 7,000 in Central Asmat (1972
   Roesler); 50,000 all Asmat (1987 Roesler TEAM). On the south coast
   from the Owap River in the northwest to the Farec River in the
   southwest, inland toward the foothills to 210 kilometers from the
   coast in some areas. Merauke Kabupaten, Sawa-Erma, Agats, Atsy, and
   Pantai Kasuari kecamatans. Between the Kamoro and Sawi languages.
   Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Central and South
   New Guinea-Kutubuan, Central and South New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro.
   Dialects: SIMAI (SIMAY), MISMAN, AJAM (AYAM). North Asmat is the most
   distinct dialect. Related to the Sempan language north of the rivers.
   Close to Kamoro and Citak. Many are becoming bilingual in Indonesian;
   some in neighboring languages. Traditional religion. NT 1985. Bible
   portions 1966-1976.
   
   ASMAT, NORTH (KEENOK) [NKS] 1,000 (1991 SIL). Near the headwaters of
   the Paterle Cocq River to the west, to the Unir River to the east, to
   the foothills in some places, Merauke Kabupaten, Sawa-Erma Kecamatan.
   Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Central and South
   New Guinea-Kutubuan, Central and South New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro.
   Survey needed.
   
   ASMAT, YAOSAKOR (YAOSAKOR) [ASY] 2,000 (1991 SIL). South coast along
   the Sirac River, Merauke Kabupaten, Agats and Atsy kecamatans.
   Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Central and South
   New Guinea-Kutubuan, Central and South New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro. NT
   1995.
   
   ATOHWAIM (KAUGAT) [AQM] 1,000 (1987 SIL). South coast on the Cook and
   Kronkel rivers, between the Sawi and Kaygir languages. Merauke
   Kabupaten, Pantai Kasuari Kecamatan. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section,
   Central and Western, Kayagar. About 50% bilingual in Indonesian, Sawi,
   or Kaygir. Survey needed.
   
   AUYE (AUWJE) [AUU] 350 (1995 SIL). Central Highlands, Siriwo River,
   mountains southeast of Cenderawasih Bay. Paniai Kabupaten, Napan
   Kecamatan. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Wissel
   Lakes-Kemandoga, Ekari-Wolani-Moni. Related to Ekari, but a distinct
   language. Distinct from Awyi (Awye) in Taikat group. Speakers are 5%
   to 15% literate in Auye. Mountain slope. Work in progress.
   
   AWERA [AWR] 100 approximately (1987 SIL). Village at the mouth of the
   Wapoga River, east side of Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen Waropen Kabupaten,
   Waropen Bawah Kecamatan. Same community with 100 Ansus-speaking
   people. Geelvink Bay, Lakes Plain, Awera. Awera is used in home and
   interaction with other Awera. Ansus and Indonesian are used widely in
   the community. Survey needed.
   
   AWYI (AWYE, AWJE, AWJI, NYAO, NJAO) [AUW] 400 (1978 SIL). Northeast
   near Papua New Guinea border, just south of Jayapura, Jayapura
   Kabupaten, Arso Kecamatan. Trans-New Guinea, Northern, Border, Taikat.
   Distinct from Auye in Ekari-Wolani-Moni group. Survey needed.
   
   AWYU, MIARO (MIARO, PISA) [PSA] 3,500 (1987 SIL). South coast area,
   southwest of Wildeman River and east of Kampong River, inland from
   Pirimapun. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western,
   Central and South New Guinea-Kutubuan, Central and South New Guinea,
   Awyu-Dumut, Awyu. Closely related to Siagha-Yenimu. A separate
   language from Nohon Awyu. Work in progress.
   
   AWYU, NOHON (AUYU, AWYA, AWJU, AJAU, AVIO, NOHON) [AWJ] 18,000 (1987
   SIL). South coast east of Bipim, northwest of Yaqay, west of
   Tanamerah, southwest of Boma. Merauke Kabupaten; Edera, Pantai
   Kasuari, Kouh, Mandobo, Asgon, and Kepi kecamatans. Trans-New Guinea,
   Main Section, Central and Western, Central and South New
   Guinea-Kutubuan, Central and South New Guinea, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu. A
   separate language from Miaro Awyu. About 9 dialects. Many becoming
   bilingual in Indonesian. Traditional religion. Work in progress.
   
   BAGUSA (TRIMURIS, DAMBOI-RAMBOI, KOASSA) [BQB] 300 (1987 SIL). East of
   Mamberamo, south of Lake Rombebai, north of Kauwerawec language.
   Jayapura Kabupaten, Mamberamo Tengah Kecamatan. Trans-New Guinea, Main
   Section, Central and Western, Dani-Kwerba, Northern, Kwerba. Tropical
   forest. Hunter-gatherers. Traditional religion.
   
   BAHAM (PATIMUNI) [BDW] 1,100 (1987 SIL). West Bomberai Peninsula east
   of the Iha language. Fakfak Kabupaten, Kaimana, Fakfak, and Kokas
   kecamatans. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, West
   Bomberai, West Bomberai Proper. Close to Iha. Survey needed.
   
   BAPU [BPO] 2,000 (1993 R. Doriot UFM). North coast area along the west
   bank of the lower Mamberamo River. Jayapura Kabupaten, Mamberamo Hilir
   Kecamatan. Geelvink Bay, East Geelvink Bay. Survey needed.
   
   BARAPASI (BAROPASI) [BRP] 2,500 (1995 SIL). East side of Cenderawasih
   Bay just east of the Waropen language, along the Barapasi River and
   its tributaries. Yapen Waropen Kabupaten, Waropen Atas Kecamatan.
   Geelvink Bay, East Geelvink Bay. Dialects: SIPISI, MARIKAI. Speakers
   are 15% to 25% literate in Indonesian. Work in progress.
   
   BASO [BSA] 175 (1983 SIL). Lakes Plain area on small river north of
   the Idenburg River just west and north of Dabra. Jayapura Kabupaten,
   Mamberamo Hulu Kecamatan. Unclassified. Survey needed.
   
   BAUZI (BAUDI, BAURI, BAUDJI, BAUDZI) [PAU] 1,500 (1991 SIL). Around
   Lake Holmes near the mid Mamberamo River, Danau Bira area, northeast,
   Kasonoweja north of Kustera. Jayapura and Yapen Waropen kabupatens,
   Mamberamo Tengah and Waropen Atas kecamatans; Vakiadi, Noiadi, Danau
   Bira, Solom, Kustera, Neao, Itaba villages. Geelvink Bay, East
   Geelvink Bay. Dialects: GESDA DAE, NEAO, AUMENEFA. Closest to
   Tunggare. Gesda Dae may be a separate language. Eritai is speakers'
   second language. Speakers are 10% to 25% literate in Bauzi. Levels of
   bilingualism in Eritai are 0:90%, 1:5%, 2:5%, 3:0%, 4:0%, 5:0%. Bible
   portions 1983-1994. Work in progress.
   
   BEDOANAS [BED] 250 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Northwest coast,
   Bomberai Peninsula, Fakfak Kabupaten, Kokas Kecamatan. Austronesian,
   Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South
   Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Bomberai. Survey needed.
   
   BERIK (BERRIK, BERICK, UPPER TOR) [BER] 1,200 (1994 SIL). North coast
   area along the mid and upper Tor River, inland from Sarmi. Jayapura
   Kabupaten, Tor Atas Kecamatan; Bora Bora, Waf, Doronta, Beu, Togonfo,
   Dangken, Kondirjan, Somanente, Tenwer, Sewan, Safrontani, and
   Taminambor villages. Trans-New Guinea, Northern, Tor, Tor. Formerly
   the trade language of the Tor area. Close to. Levels of bilingualism
   in Irianese Malay are 0:10%, 1:30%, 2:25%, 3:20%, 4:10%, 5:5%.
   Traditional religion, Christian Mander and Kwesten. lexical similarity
   with Keder. NT 1993. Bible portions 1979-1986.
   
   BETAF [BFE] 400 (1973 R. Sterner SIL). North coast area east of Sarmi,
   Jayapura Kabupaten, Pantai Timur Kecamatan. Unclassified. Survey
   needed.
   
   BIAK (BIAK-NUMFOR, NOEFOOR, MAFOOR, MEFOOR, NUFOOR, MAFOORSCH,
   MYFOORSCH) [BHW] 40,000 native speakers, quite a few thousand second
   language users (1981 Wurm and Hattori); 100,000 (1991 UBS). Islands of
   Biak and Numfor to the north and on numerous small islands east and
   west of the Bird's Head, including Mapia Island. Biak Numfor
   Kabupaten. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern
   Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea,
   Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic. Dialects: ARIOM, BO'O, DWAR, FAIRI, JENURES,
   KORIM, MANDUSIR, MOFU, OPIF, PADOA, PENASIFU, SAMBERI, SAMPORI
   (MOKMER), SOR, SORENDIDORI, SUNDEI, WARI, WADIBU, SORIDO, BOSNIK,
   KORIDO, WARSA, WARDO, KAMER, MAPIA, MIOS NUM, RUMBERPON, MONOARFU,
   VOGELKOP. Some consider Biak and Numfor to be two languages.
   Christian. NT 1990. Bible portions 1870-1980.
   
   BIKSI (INISINE, BIAKSI) [BDX] 200 in Irian Jaya (1978 SIL); 200 in
   Papua New Guinea (1992 SIL); 400 in both countries. Headwaters of
   Upper Sepik, Jayawijaya Kabupaten, Kiwirok Kecamatan. Sepik-Ramu,
   Sepik, Biksi. Survey needed.
   
   BIRITAI (ATI, ALIKI) [BQQ] 250 (1988 SIL). Lakes Plain just north of
   mid Rouffaer River, village of Biri. Geelvink Bay, Lakes Plain,
   Tariku, East. Typology: SOV, tonal.
   
   BONERIF (BENERAF) [BNV] 4 (1994 Westrum SIL). North coast area on east
   side of the upper Tor River, north of Mander and south of Berik and
   Kwesten languages, village of Beneraf. Jayapura Kabupaten, Pantai
   Timur Kecamatan. Trans-New Guinea, Northern, Tor, Tor. Speakers
   intermarry with the Berik and use Berik as second language. Nearly
   extinct.
   
   BONGGO (ARMOPA, BGU, BOGU, BONGO) [BPG] 432 (1975 SIL). Northeast
   coast east of Sarmi and west of Demta near Betaf; villages of Taronta,
   Tarawasi, Armopa. Jayapura Kabupaten, Bonggo Kecamatan. Austronesian,
   Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian,
   Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi.
   Survey needed.
   
   BURATE [BTI] 100 approximately (1987 SIL). Near mouth of the Wapoga
   River, Yapen Waropen Kabupaten, Waropen Bawah Kecamatan. Geelvink Bay,
   East Geelvink Bay. Semi-nomadic.
   
   BURMESO (TAURAP, BOROMESO, BORUMESSO, MONAU, MONAO, MANAU) [BZU] 159
   or more (1975 SIL). Burmeso village and isolated houses along nearby
   rivers, mid Mamberamo River northeast of Danau Bira (Lake Holmes).
   Jayapura Kabupaten, Mamberamo Tengah Kecamatan. Language Isolate.
   Language use is vigorous. Survey needed.
   
   BURUWAI (ASIENARA, ASIANARA, KARUFA, MADIDWANA, SABAKOR) [ASI] 700
   (1978 SIL). South Bomberai Peninsula along the southwest part of
   Kamrau Bay, Fakfak Kabupaten, Kaimana Kecamatan; Yarona, Kuna, Esania,
   Marobia, Guriasa, Tairi, Hia, and Gaka villages. Trans-New Guinea,
   Main Section, Central and Western, Central and South New
   Guinea-Kutubuan, Central and South New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro.
   
   BUSAMI [BSM] 700 (1993 R. Doriot UFM). South and north coast, Serui
   Island near 136', villages of Kamanap, Masiaroti, Kaonda. Yapen
   Waropen Kabupaten, Yapen Barat and Yapen Selatan kecamatans.
   Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern
   Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea,
   Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western. Three dialects. 71% lexical
   similarity with Ansus, 63% with Serui-Laut. Survey needed.
   
   CITAK (CICAK, TJITAK, TJITJAK, KAUNAK, AMAT DARAT) [TXT] 8,000 (1985
   M. Stringer TEAM). South coast area, west of the upper Digul River,
   north of Awyu, east of Asmat, Senggo and north, 19 villages. Merauke
   Kabupaten, Citak-Mitak Kecamatan. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section,
   Central and Western, Central and South New Guinea-Kutubuan, Central
   and South New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro. Dialects: SENGGO, KOMASMA, BUBIS,
   ESAUN, PIRABANAK, VAKAM, TIAU. A closely related language to Asmat.
   Language use vigorous. Many becoming bilingual in Indonesian. Levels
   of bilingualism in Indonesian are 0:90%, 1:10%, 2:0%, 3:0%, 4:0%,
   5:0%. NT 1995. Bible portions 1979-1989.
   
   CITAK, TAMNIM (TAMNIM, ASMAT DARAT) [TML] 290 (1993 R. Doriot UFM).
   Near Senggo, villages of Tamnim, Epem, Zinak, Wowi. Merauke Kabupaten,
   Citak-Mitak Kecamatan. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and
   Western, Central and South New Guinea-Kutubuan, Central and South New
   Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro. Language use vigorous. May be linguistically
   closer to Asmat, but the speakers want to be called Citak, not Asmat.
   
   DABE (MANGAMBILIS) [DBE] 200 (?) (1993 R. Doriot UFM). Upper Tor River
   area, north coast east of Sarmi, village of Dabe. Jayapura Kabupaten,
   Pantai Timur Kecamatan. Trans-New Guinea, Northern, Tor, Tor. Survey
   needed.
   
   DABRA (BOK, TARIA) [DBA] 100 (1978 SIL). Lakes Plain, lower Idenburg
   River above Mamberamo. Jayapura Kabupaten, Mamberamo Hulu Kecamatan.
   Geelvink Bay, Lakes Plain, East Lakes Plain. Survey needed.
   
   DAMAL (UHUNDUNI, AMUNG, AMUNG KAL, AMUNGME, AMUY, ENGGIPILOE, HAMUNG,
   OEHOENDOENI) [UHN] 14,000 (1991 UBS). Central highlands west of the
   Western Dani, east of Ekari, southeast of the source of the Kemandoga
   River, all around Puncak Jaya, northern and southern Carstens Mts.
   Paniai Kabupaten, Ilaga and Beoga kecamatans. Trans-New Guinea, Main
   Section, Central and Western, Wissel Lakes-Kemandoga, Uhunduni.
   Dialects: DAMAL, AMUNG, ENGGIPILU. Related to Ekari, Moni, Wolani.
   Typology: Tonal. NT 1988. Bible portions 1973-1992.
   
   DANI, LOWER GRAND VALLEY [DNI] 20,000 (1996). Central highlands,
   Baliem Grand Valley and upper gorge. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section,
   Central and Western, Dani-Kwerba, Southern, Dani. Dialects: LOWER
   GRAND VALLEY HITIGIMA (DANI-KURIMA, KURIMA), UPPER BELE, LOWER BELE,
   LOWER KIMBIN (KIBIN), UPPER PYRAMID. Christian, traditional religion.
   NT 1989-1994. Bible portions 1970.
   
   DANI, MID GRAND VALLEY (TULEM, CENTRAL GRAND VALLEY DANI, BALIEM
   VALLEY DANI) [DNT] 50,000 (1990 UBS). Baliem Valley. Trans-New Guinea,
   Main Section, Central and Western, Dani-Kwerba, Southern, Dani.
   Agriculturalists: sweet potatoes; animal husbandry: pigs. NT 1990.
   Bible portions 1995.
   
   DANI, UPPER GRAND VALLEY [DNA] 20,000 (1996). Central highlands,
   Baliem Grand Valley and upper gorge. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section,
   Central and Western, Dani-Kwerba, Southern, Dani. Christian,
   traditional religion. NT 1992. Bible portions 1994.
   
   DANI, WESTERN (DANI BARAT, ILAGA WESTERN DANI, LANI, LAANY, OERINGOEP,
   TIMORINI) [DNW] 180,000 (1993 census). Central highlands, west of
   Baliem Grand Valley and east from upper Kemandoga Valley. Trans-New
   Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Dani-Kwerba, Southern,
   Dani. Dialects: WESTERN DANI OF PYRAMID, WESTERN DANI OF BOKONDINI.
   10% semi-literate in Indonesian. Many other dialects are not as
   distinct as those listed. NT 1981. Bible portions 1966.
   
   DAO [DAZ] 250 (1991 SIL). West central highlands, Paniai kabupaten,
   Napan Kecamatan, east of Cenderawasih Bay along the Dao River.
   Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Wissel
   Lakes-Kemandoga, Ekari-Wolani-Moni. Survey needed.
   
   DEM (LEM, NDEM) [DEM] 1,000 (1987 SIL). Western highlands along upper
   Rouffaer River north of Damal, northeast of Western Dani. Trans-New
   Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Dem.
   
   DEMISA [DEI] 500 (1993 R. Doriot UFM). First language in Desawa and
   Muyere villages along the coast in Waropen Bawah District, and Botawa
   village in the interior along the Wonoi River. Reported to be the
   lingua franca of most of the eastern side of Cenderawasih Bay, and of
   semi-nomadic people in interior Waropen Bawah. Geelvink Bay, East
   Geelvink Bay. Trade language.
   
   DEMTA (MURIS) [DMY] 836 (1975 SIL). North coast west of Tanamerah Bay,
   villages of Demta, Muris Besar, Muris Kecil, Ambora, Yougafsa.
   Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Sentani. Survey
   needed.
   
   DOUTAI (TAORI-SO, TAORI, TOLITAI) [TDS] 335 (1993 R. Doriot UFM).
   Lakes Plain area at Toli-Dou village, west and south of Taiyeve.
   Geelvink Bay, Lakes Plain, Tariku, East.
   
   DUBU [DMU] 130 (1978 SIL). Border area south of Jayapura, south of
   Waris, east of Emumu, north of Towei languages, villages of Affi,
   Dobu, Yambe. Trans-New Guinea, Pauwasi, Western. Survey needed.
   
   DURIANKERE (ESARO, SAILEN, DURIANKARI) [DBN] 100 (1988 SIL). On a
   small island in the Raja Ampat Islands in the strait between Salawati
   Island and the west end of Bird's Head. Trans-New Guinea, South Bird's
   Head-Timor-Alor-Pantar, South Bird's Head, Inanwatan. Reported that
   the only speakers are elderly. Survey needed.
   
   DUSNER (DUSNIR) [DSN] 6 (1978 SIL). Around the town of Dusner, west
   coast of Cenderawasih Bay, Wandamen Bay area. Only one village.
   Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern
   Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea,
   Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic. Nearly extinct.
   
   DUVLE (DUVELE, WIRI, DUVDE, DUVRE) [DUV] 800 to 1,000 (1996 UFM).
   Lakes Plain area south of Van Daalen River and north of Mulia, Paniai.
   Eastern dialect along Dagai River, western dialect along Fedide and
   Wedi rivers. Geelvink Bay, Lakes Plain, Tariku, Duvle. Dialects:
   EASTERN DUVLE, WESTERN DUVLE. Closest to Taori-Kaiy. Little difference
   between dialects. Vigorous language use. Wano is the trade language.
   Work in progress.
   
   EDOPI (ELOPI, DOU, DOUFOU) [DBF] 1,000 (1995 SIL). Around the juncture
   of the Tariku (Dou) and Muyabu (Fou) rivers. Geelvink Bay, Lakes
   Plain, Tariku, Central. Speakers are less than 5% literate in Edopi or
   Indonesian. Typology: SOV, tonal. Work in progress.
   
   EIPOMEK (EIPO, T-VALLEY) [EIP] 3,000 (1987 SIL). Eastern highlands
   area, Eipo River, east of Nalca. Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern. 80%
   lexical similarity with Una.
   
   EKARI (KAPAUKU, EKAGI, MEE MANA, TAPIRO) [EKG] 100,000 (1985 Marion
   Doble CMA). West central highlands, Paniai, 135.25-137 E, 3.25-4.10 S.
   Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Wissel
   Lakes-Kemandoga, Ekari-Wolani-Moni. Dialects: SIMORI, YABI (JABI),
   MAPIYA-KEGATA. Closest to Wolani. Slight dialect difference with
   Mapiya-Kegata. They call themselves 'Me'. The Moni call them 'Ekari'.
   'Kapauku' is used for them by their southern neighbors. Levels of
   bilingualism in Indonesian are 0:10%, 1:40%, 2:20%, 3:15%, 4:10%,
   5:5%. Rugged mountain chains, deep valleys. Altitude: 1,500 meters. NT
   1963-1985. Bible portions 1955-1959.
   
   EMUMU (KIAMEROP) [ENR] 1,100 (1987 SIL). Border area south of
   Jayapura, 11 villages. Trans-New Guinea, Pauwasi, Eastern. Survey
   needed.
   
   ERITAI (EDITODE EDAI, ERAI, ERI, BARUA, BABURIWA, BABIRUWA, BABRUWA,
   BABRUA, ALIKI, HAYA) [BAD] 400 to 450 (1987 D. L. Martin RBMU). West
   of the Mamberamo River, Lakes Plain area in low mountains just south
   of Danau Bira (Lake Holmes), around the Kustera airstrip, to the
   villages of Erai to the east, Kustera, and Haya to the south. Jayapura
   Kabupaten, Mamberamo Tengah and Mamberamo Hulu kecamatans. Geelvink
   Bay, Lakes Plain, Tariku, East. Language use is vigorous. The dialect
   in Obogwi village is close but not the same. 76% lexical similarity
   with Obokuitai, 50% with Sikaritai. Also related to Kaiy, Doutai,
   Biritai. Some people at Kustera are bilingual in Bauzi, but not those
   in other villages. Typology: SOV, tonal.
   
   EROKWANAS [ERW] 250 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Northwest coast of
   Bomberai Peninsula, north of Baham language. Austronesian,
   Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South
   Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Bomberai. Survey needed.
   
   FAYU (FAYU, SEHUDATE) [FAU] 400 (1991 SIL). West of juncture of Tariku
   (Dou) and Muyabu (Fou) rivers, west of the Kirikiri language. Geelvink
   Bay, Lakes Plain, Tariku, West. 4 nomadic groups. Work in progress.
   
   FOAU [FLH] 232 (1975 SIL). Foa and Mudiay village, east Lakes Plain
   area just north of lower Idenburg River. Geelvink Bay, Lakes Plain,
   East Lakes Plain. Closely related to Dabra and Taworta. Survey needed.
   
   FOYA (FOJA) [FJA] 50 (?) (1993 R. Doriot UFM). Upper Bu River, upper
   Tor River area. Trans-New Guinea, Northern. People now speak Mander.
   Nearly extinct.
   
   GRESI (GRESIK) [GRS] 2,500 (1987 SIL). West of Lake Sentani, southeast
   of Genyem, in villages of Hawe, Bring, Tabangkwari, Yansu, Ibub,
   Sunna, Klaysu, Nembugnesi. Trans-New Guinea, Nimboran. 80% lexical
   similarity with Kemtuik. Speakers are bilingual in Indonesian.
   
   HATAM (HATTAM, ATAM, TINAM, MIRIEI, MOI, ADIHUP, URAN, BORAI, MANSIM)
   [HAD] 16,000 (1993 TEAM). Eastern Bird's Head, northeast of Manikion,
   south and southwest of Manokwari, between Sentani and Depapre.
   Manokwari Kabupaten; Warmare, Ransiki, and Oransbari kecamatans. West
   Papuan, Hattam. Dialects: MOI (MOIRE), TINAM, MIRIEI, ADIHUP, URAN.
   Mountain slope. Traditional religion, Christian. NT 1993.
   
   HUPLA (SOBA) [HAP] 3,000 or more (1982 RBMU). Central highlands area
   near east side of Baliem gorge. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section,
   Central and Western, Dani-Kwerba, Southern, Dani. Closely related to
   Lower Grand Valley Dani. NT 1994.
   
   IAU (FOI, URUNDI, URURI, YAU, TURU, IAW) [TMU] 1,000 to 1,200 (1991
   SIL). Waropen, Paniai, Mulia, Lakes Plain area between Rouffaer and
   upper Van Daalen rivers, villages of Barere, Fawi, and Taiyai. Poi
   dialect on Rouffaer River, Turu dialect on Van Daalen River. 2
   villages in each of the three dialects. Geelvink Bay, Lakes Plain,
   Tariku, Central. Dialects: POI, TURU, IAU. Closely related to Edopi.
   Distinct from Turu (Yawa). Speakers are 5% to 15% literate in Iau.
   Levels of bilingualism in Indonesian are 0:98%, 1:2%, 2:0%, 3:0%,
   4:0%, 5:0%. Bible portions 1985-1993. Work in progress.
   
   IHA (KAPAUR) [IHP] 5,500 (1987 SIL). Bomberai Peninsula, far west end
   around Fak Fak and north. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and
   Western, West Bomberai, West Bomberai Proper. Closely related to
   Baham.
   
   IRARUTU (IRAHUTU, IRUTU, KASIRA, ARGUNI BAY, KAITERO) [IRH] 4,000
   (1987 SIL). East Bomberai Peninsula southwest from Arguni Bay north to
   Bintuni Bay, 44 villages. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
   Central-Eastern, Unclassified. Dialects: FUNIARA, AROBA, YARU,
   TUGRAMA, TOMAGE, WERAFUTA, WARMNU. Speakers are 15% to 25% literate in
   Indonesian. Tropical forest. Coastal swamp. Fishermen. Bible portions
   1992. Work in progress.
   
   IRESIM [IRE] 100 (1977 Lincoln). South Cenderawasih Bay, west of
   Nabire and around Yamur Lake. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
   Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New
   Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Iresim. Survey needed.
   
   ISIRAWA (SAWERI, SABERI, OKWASAR) [SRL] 2,000 (1993 R. Doriot UFM).
   Jayapura, north coast, around Sarmi and to the west, the villages of
   Mararena, Kamenawari, Amsira, Siaratesa, Perkami, Martewar, Arsania,
   Nietontori, and Arabais. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and
   Western, Dani-Kwerba, Northern, Isirawa. Dialects: WESTERN ISIRAWA,
   EASTERN ISIRAWA. Close to Kwerba. The dialects are very close.
   Language use is vigorous. Speakers are 5% to 15% literate in Isirawa.
   Trade language. Levels of bilingualism in Indonesian are 0:0%, 1:30%,
   2:40%, 3:30%, 4:0%, 5:0%. Bible portions 1977-1992. Work in progress.
   
   ITIK (ITTIK, BETEF, ITTIK-TOR) [ITX] 100 (1978 SIL). North coast east
   of Tor River, inland from Kwesten language along upper Biri River.
   Trans-New Guinea, Northern, Tor, Tor. Dialects: ITTIK, ITTIK-TOR.
   Ethnic group: Borto. Survey needed.
   
   IWUR (IWOER) [IWO] 1,000 (1987 SIL). Border area in valley of Iwur
   River, Ok Iwur and east to Ok Denom. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section,
   Central and Western, Central and South New Guinea-Kutubuan, Central
   and South New Guinea, Ok, Lowland. Survey needed.
   
   KABURI [UKA] 600 (1986 Gravelle SIL). Southern Bird's Head, east of
   Kemberano and Arandai languages, north of Kokoda and Fakfak, Manokwari
   Kabupaten, Merdei, Inanwatan Kecamatans. Trans-New Guinea, South
   Bird's Head-Timor-Alor-Pantar, South Bird's Head, South Bird's Head
   Proper, Western. Survey needed.
   
   KAIS (AISO, ATORI, MINTAMANI, KAMPUNG BARU) [KZM] 700 (1993 R. Doriot
   UFM). South Bird's Head area inland along Kais River, 8 villages.
   Trans-New Guinea, South Bird's Head-Timor-Alor-Pantar, South Bird's
   Head, South Bird's Head Proper, Western. Survey needed.
   
   KAIY (TAORI-KAIY, TAORI-KEI, KAI, TODI) [TCQ] 250 (1991). Lakes Plain
   area around airstrip of Kaiy on lower Rouffaer River, villages of Kaiy
   and Kokou. Geelvink Bay, Lakes Plain, Tariku, East. Linguistically
   between Doutai and Sikaritai. Also related to Eritai, Biritai, Duvle.
   
   KALABRA (BERAUR) [KZZ] 2,100 (1975). West Bird's Head, south of Madik
   language, east of Moi. West Papuan, Bird's Head, West Bird's Head.
   Closest to Tehit. Survey needed.
   
   KAMBERATARO (DERA, MANGGUAR, DRA) [KBV] 1,000 in Irian Jaya (1987
   SIL); 687 in Papua New Guinea; 1,700 in all countries. Northeast Irian
   Jaya, south of Jayapura, near Waris; 13 villages. Trans-New Guinea,
   Senagi.
   
   KAMBERAU (KAMRAU, IRIA) [IRX] 1,570 (1993 R. Doriot UFM). Southeast
   Bomberai Peninsula around Kamrau Bay, villages of Ubia-Seramuku,
   Bahomia, Waho, Wamoma, Inari, Tanggaromi, Koi, Wamesa, Coa. Trans-New
   Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Central and South New
   Guinea-Kutubuan, Central and South New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro. Closely
   related to Buruwai.
   
   KAMORO (KAMORA, MIMIKA, LAKAHIA, NAGRAMADU, UMARI, MUKAMUGA, NEFERIPI,
   NEFARPI, NAFARPI, KAOKONAU) [KGQ] 8,000 (1987 SIL). South coast from
   Etna Bay to Mukamuga River. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central
   and Western, Central and South New Guinea-Kutubuan, Central and South
   New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro. Dialects: TARYA, YAMUR. Four other dialects.
   Many becoming bilingual in Indonesian. Distinct from Yeretuar (Umari).
   Survey needed.
   
   KANUM (ENKELEMBU) [KCD] 320 in all countries (1975 Wurm). South coast
   border area, east of Merauke, bordering Southeast Marind on the east.
   Also in Papua New Guinea. Trans-New Guinea, Trans-Fly-Bulaka River,
   Trans-Fly, Morehead and Upper Maro Rivers, Tonda. 4 separate
   languages.
   
   KAPORI (KAPAURI) [KHP] 60 (1978 SIL). Village of Pagai on north bank
   of upper Idenburg River. Trans-New Guinea, Kaure.
   
   KARAS [KGV] 200 (1978 SIL). Karas Island, off southwest coast of
   Bomberai Peninsula, southeast from Fak Fak. Trans-New Guinea, Main
   Section, Central and Western, West Bomberai, Karas. Related to Baham
   and Iha. Survey needed.
   
   KARON DORI (MAIYACH, MEON) [KGW] 5,000 (1987 SIL). Central Bird's Head
   north of Brat, villages of Pef, Asses, Sunopi, Siakwa. West Papuan,
   Bird's Head, North-Central Bird's Head, Central Bird's Head. Closely
   related to Mai Brat. Survey needed.
   
   KAURE (KAUREH) [BPP] 450 (1995 SIL). Southwest of Lake Sentani along
   Nawa River, in villages of Lereh, Harna, Wes, Masta, Aurina. Trans-New
   Guinea, Kaure, Kaure Proper. Typology: SOV. Bible portions 1990. Work
   in progress.
   
   KAUWERAWEC (KAUWERAWETJ) [QKX] 400 or more (1987 SIL). East of mid
   Mamberamo, north of Kasonaweja. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section,
   Central and Western, Dani-Kwerba, Northern, Kwerba. Tropical forest.
   Hunter-gatherers. Traditional religion.
   
   KAUWOL (KAWOL, KAVWOL) [KYW] 500 in all countries (1971 Wurm). Upper
   Kauwol Valley, on both sides of Irian Jaya-Papua New Guinea border.
   Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Central and South
   New Guinea-Kutubuan, Central and South New Guinea, Ok, Mountain.
   Closely related to Faiwol. Setaman is a related language.
   
   KAWE [KGB] 300 (1978 SIL). West end of Waigeo Island off west coast of
   Bird's Head, Raja Ampat Islands, villages of Salio, Selepele, Bianci,
   Menyefun. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern
   Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea,
   Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat. Related dialects or languages: Maya,
   Maden, Palamul, Matbat.
   
   KAYGIR (KAYAGAR, KAJAGAR) [KYT] 10,000 (1993 RBMU). South coast near
   Pirimapun and Sawi, Merauke area. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section,
   Central and Western, Kayagar. 10% semi-literate in Indonesian.
   
   KAYUPULAU (KAJUPULAU) [KZU] 573 (1978 SIL). Island villages of
   Kayubatu and Kayupulau in Jayapura harbor. Austronesian,
   Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian,
   Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay,
   Jayapura Bay. May be a dialect of Tobati (Yotafa). Survey needed.
   
   KEDER [KDY] 200 to 600 (1973 SIL). North coast east of Tor River
   mouth. Trans-New Guinea, Northern, Tor, Tor. 45% lexical similarity
   with Berik. Survey needed.
   
   KEMBERANO (KALITAMI) [BZP] 1,500 (1987 SIL). Southern Bird's Head
   along the coast, east of Komundan River, south of Arandai language.
   Several villages also northwest Bomberai Peninsula, south from
   Kalitami across Bintuni Bay. Trans-New Guinea, South Bird's
   Head-Timor-Alor-Pantar, South Bird's Head, South Bird's Head Proper,
   Eastern. Dialects: BARAU, WERIAGAR. Survey needed.
   
   KEMBRA [XKW] 30 (1991 SIL). Jayawijaya Kabupaten, Okbibab Kecamatan,
   east of the Sogber River. Unclassified. Nearly extinct.
   
   KEMTUIK (KEMTUK, KAMTUK) [KMT] 2,500 (1987 SIL). West of Lake Sentani,
   villages of Mamdayawang, Meikari, Merem, Yanim, Braso, Aib,
   Sabransamon, Mamda, Sabeyap, Sabeyap Kecil, Sekorup, aimke, Sabron
   Yaru. East of Gresi language. Trans-New Guinea, Nimboran. Speakers are
   bilingual in Indonesian. Kemtuik and Gresi are 80% lexically similar.
   Speakers are 25% to 50% literate in Kembuik and Indonesian. Bible
   portions 1980. Work in progress.
   
   KETENGBAN (KUPEL, OKTENGBAN) [KIN] 10,000 (1996 Sims SIL). Scattered
   slopes in eastern highlands area east of Eipomek and west of Ngalum
   language near Papua New Guinea border. Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern.
   Dialects: OKBAP, OMBAN, BIME, ONYA. Speakers are 15% to 30% literate
   in Ketengban. Tropical forest. Hunter-gatherers; gardeners. Bible
   portions 1985-1995. Work in progress.
   
   KIMAGHAMA (KALADDARSCH, TERI-KALWASCH) [KIG] 3,000 (1987 SIL).
   Frederik Hendrik Island west of southeast Irian Jaya. Trans-New
   Guinea, Kolopom. Survey needed.
   
   KIMKI (AIPKI, KIMGI, SUKUBATOM, SUKUBATONG) [SBT] 350 or fewer (1978
   UFM). Border area where Sepik River enters Irian Jaya. Sepik-Ramu,
   Sepik, Biksi. May be inherently intelligible with Biksi.
   
   KIRIKIRI (KIRIRA) [KIY] 250 (1982 SIL). West of juncture of the Tariku
   (Dou) and Muyabu (Fou) rivers, villages at Dofu airstrip and Kliki
   River, Paniai. Geelvink Bay, Lakes Plain, Tariku, West. Dialects:
   KIRIKIRI, FAIA. Speakers are less than 5% literate in Kirikiri or
   Indonesian. Typology: SOV, tonal. Lowland swamps. Hunter-gatherers,
   sago. Work in progress.
   
   KOFEI [KPI] 100 approximately (1987 SIL). East side of Geelvink Bay,
   recently moved to Sauri-Sirami village. There may be more living
   semi-nomadically in the interior. Geelvink Bay, East Geelvink Bay.
   
   KOKODA (SAMALEK, ODERAGO, KOMUDAGO, NEBES) [QKW] 3,700 (1991 SIL).
   Bird's Head, south coast on Maccluer Gulf, east of Inanwatan and west
   of Tarof languages. Trans-New Guinea, South Bird's
   Head-Timor-Alor-Pantar, South Bird's Head, South Bird's Head Proper,
   Central. Dialects: KASUWERI, NEGRI BESAR, UDAGAGA. Kasuweri 86%
   lexical similarity with Tarof, Negri Besar 82% with Tarof, Kasuweri
   77% with Negri Besar, Kasuweri 73% with Udagaga 73%, Negeri Besar 83%
   with Udagaga 83%, 49% with Kemberano, 35% with Arandai. Survey needed.
   
   KOMBAI (KOMBOY) [KGU] 5,000 including 4,000 Kombai (1991 SIL), 1,000
   Wanggom (1978 SIL). South coast area east of Senggo around Boma.
   Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Central and South
   New Guinea-Kutubuan, Central and South New Guinea, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut.
   Dialects: WANGGOM (WANGGO, WANGOM), CENTRAL KOMBAI, TAYAN. Closely
   related to Wambon, Kaeti. Work in progress.
   
   KONDA (OGIT) [KND] 500 or more (1988 SIL). Southwest Bird's Head along
   lower Waromge River south of Teminabuan, villages of Konda and
   Teminabuan District. Trans-New Guinea, South Bird's
   Head-Timor-Alor-Pantar, South Bird's Head, Konda-Yahadian. Survey
   needed.
   
   KONERAW [KDW] 300 (1978 SIL). South coast of Frederik Hendrik Island.
   Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Central and South
   New Guinea-Kutubuan, Central and South New Guinea, Mombum. Survey
   needed.
   
   KOPKA [OPK] 250 (1988 Kroneman and Peckham SIL). Lowlands area south
   of the main ranges, southeast of Sumo and Dekai, south of Langda and
   Bomela, Jayawijaya Kabupaten, Kurima Kecamatan. Trans-New Guinea, Main
   Section, Central and Western, Central and South New Guinea-Kutubuan,
   Central and South New Guinea, Ok, Kopka. Survey needed.
   
   KOROWAI [KHE] 2,000 (1987 SIL). South coast area, north of Boma, east
   of Senggo. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western,
   Central and South New Guinea-Kutubuan, Central and South New Guinea,
   Awyu-Dumut, Unclassified. Survey needed.
   
   KORUPUN-SELA (KORAPUN, KIMYAL OF KORUPUN) [KPQ] 8,000 (1996 E. Young).
   Eastern highlands on upper reaches of Erok River, southwest of Nalca,
   east of Yali of Ninia, Jayawijaya District, Kurima region. Trans-New
   Guinea, Mek, Western. Dialects: KORUPUN (DURAM), DAGI, SISIBNA
   (GOBUGDUA), DEIBULA, SELA. Related to Nalca. Levels of bilingualism in
   Nipsan are 0:98%, l:0%, 2:0%, 3:0%, 4:1.5%, 5:.5%. Bible portions
   1980-1985. Work in progress.
   
   KOSADLE (KOSARE) [KIQ] 250 (1993 R. Doriot UFM). Hulu Atas just west
   of juncture of Nawa and Idenburg Rivers. Trans-New Guinea, Kaure,
   Kaure Proper. Survey needed.
   
   KOTOG_T (KOTOG_T, TSOKWAMBO, TSAKWAMBO) [KVZ] 500 (1991 SIL). South
   coast area on upper Digul River north of Kaeti language. Trans-New
   Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Central and South New
   Guinea-Kutubuan, Central and South New Guinea, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu, Aghu.
   Dialects or related languages: Mapi, Ederah, Kia, Upper Digul, Upper
   Kaeme. Survey needed.
   
   KOWIAI (KOIWAI, KAIWAI, KUIWAI, AIDUMA, KAYUMERAH, KAJUMERAH) [KWH]
   600 (1984 SIL). Bomberai Peninsula; southwest coast at Kaimana and in
   Kamrau Bay on several islands, villages of Keroi, Adijaya, Namatota,
   Waikala, Kayumerah. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern,
   Central Malayo-Polynesian, South Bomberai. Dialects: ADI, NAMATOTA
   (NAMATOTE). Close to Uruangnirin, Onin, and Sekar. Blust says this
   appears to be Central Malayo-Polynesian. Levels of bilingualism in
   Indonesian, Irianese Malay for Indonesian: 0:0%, 1:0%, 2:60%, 3:34%,
   4:5%, 5:1%; Irianese Malay: 0:0%, 1:0%, 2:1%, 3:99%, 4:0%, 5:0%.
   Mountain slope, limestone karst, coral islands. Fishermen. Altitude: 0
   to 20 feet. Muslim.
   
   KURUDU [KJR] 2,180 (1993 R. Doriot UFM). Kurudu Island between eastern
   tip of Serui Island and mainland of Irian Jaya to east, villages of
   Kurudu, Kaipuri, Poiwai. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
   Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New
   Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, East. Kaipuri
   dialect has highest lexical similarity with Yapen group. 71% lexical
   similarity with Woriasi, 46% with Western Serui. Vigorous language
   use.
   
   KUWANI [XKU] 1,000 (?) (1981 Wurm and Hattori). South Bird's Head.
   West Papuan, Bird's Head, West Bird's Head. Related to Moraid.
   Unconfirmed. Survey needed.
   
   KWANSU (KWANSU-BONGGRANG, KUANGSU-BONGGRANG, KWANGSU-BONGGRANG) [KJA]
   350 (1977 SIL). West of Lake Sentani, just north of Gresi language.
   Trans-New Guinea, Nimboran. 60% lexical similarity with Kemtuik.
   Speakers bilingual in Indonesian.
   
   KWERBA (AIRMATI, NAIBEDJ, TEKUTAMESO) [KWE] 2,500 (1996 SIL). Upper
   Tor River area, northeast, headwaters of Apawar River inland from
   Sarmi east to Berik language, villages of Aurime, Munukania, Wamariri,
   Kwerba, Tatsewalem around Apiaweti. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section,
   Central and Western, Dani-Kwerba, Northern, Kwerba. Dialects:
   SERIKENAM, SASAWA, NOGUKWABAI. Speakers are below 5% literate in
   Kwerba. Tropical forest. Hunter-gatherers; some agriculturalists.
   Traditional religion, Christian. Bible portions 1986-1991. Work in
   progress.
   
   KWERISA [KKB] 55 (1993 R. Doriot UFM). At village of Kaiy on lower
   Rouffaer River. Geelvink Bay, Lakes Plain, Tariku, East. There may be
   a few older speakers (1987). Most or all now speak Kaiy. Nearly
   extinct.
   
   KWESTEN [KWT] 2,000 (1987 SIL). Lower Tor River, north coast area
   inland east of Sarmi, villages of Holmhaven, Mafenter, Arare, Omte.
   Trans-New Guinea, Northern, Tor, Tor. 40% lexical similarity with
   Berik.
   
   LEGENYEM (LAGANYAN) [LCC] 300 (?) (1993 R. Doriot UFM). Raja Ampat
   Islands, Waigeo Island in northwest end of main bay and on south
   coast, villages of Beo, Lempintol and Wawiai. Austronesian,
   Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South
   Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja
   Ampat. Survey needed.
   
   LEPKI [LPE] 530 (1991 SIL). Jayawijaya kabupaten, Okbibab kecamatan,
   west of the Sogber River, east and north of the Ketengban.
   Unclassified. Survey needed.
   
   LIKI (MOAR) [LIO] 25 (1954 A. C. van der Leeden ms.). Islands off
   north coast of Sarmi, Jayapura Kabupaten, Sarmi Kecamatan.
   Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern
   Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea,
   Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi. Survey needed.
   
   MADEN (SAPRAN) [XMX] 400 (?) (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Raja Ampat
   Islands, northwestern Salawati Island. Austronesian,
   Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South
   Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja
   Ampat. Possibly the same as Maya. Survey needed.
   
   MAI BRAT (AYAMARU, AJAMARU, BRAT, MAIBRAT) [AYZ] 20,000 or more (1987
   SIL). Central Bird's Head around Ayamaru Lakes, about 40 villages.
   West Papuan, Bird's Head, North-Central Bird's Head, Central Bird's
   Head. Dialects: MAISAWIET, MAIYAH, MAIMAKA, MAITE, MAISEFA. 5
   dialects. 'Ayamaru' is name of the people, 'Mai Brat' of language. 50%
   to 60% of men and all older women do not know Indonesian. 1,000 to
   3,000 are in cities and are very bilingual, some highly educated.
   Children who have been to school know some Indonesian. Maibrat is used
   in church. Closest to Karon Dori. Speakers are 25% to 50% literate in
   Mai Brat or Indonesian. Typology: SOV, heavy verb and clause
   serialization. Bible portions 1990-1994. Work in progress.
   
   MAIRASI (FARANYAO, KANIRAN) [FRY] 3,300 (1996 L. Peckham). Bomberai
   Peninsula, southwest coast of neck, east and northeast from Kaimana,
   Wasior, Triton Bay. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and
   Western, Mairasi-Tanamerah, Mairasi. Dialect: NORTHEASTERN MAIRASI.
   Close to Semimi. Northeastern Mairasi may be a separate language. Some
   speak some Kowiai. Speakers are 15% to 25% literate in Indonesian.
   Levels of bilingualism in Indonesian are 0:5%, 1:20%, 2:30%, 3:20%,
   4:23%, 5:2%. Bible portions 1986-1987.
   
   MAKLEW (MAKLEU) [MGF] 120. South coast area, east side of Marianne
   strait, west of Marind and east of Yelmek languages. Trans-New Guinea,
   Trans-Fly-Bulaka River, Bulaka River. Survey needed.
   
   MANDER [MQR] 20 (1991 SIL). North coast area on the upper Bu River, a
   tributary of the Upper Tor River. Trans-New Guinea, Northern, Tor,
   Tor. Speakers intermarry with the Berik, and speak Berik as second
   language. Nomadic. Nearly extinct.
   
   MANDOBO (NUB, DUMUT, "KAETI", MANDOBBO) [KZH] 10,000 in all countries
   (1987 SIL). Border area near Fly River on east side of Digul River
   between Tanahmerah and Mindiptana. Also in Papua New Guinea. Trans-New
   Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Central and South New
   Guinea-Kutubuan, Central and South New Guinea, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut.
   "Kaeti" is an offensive name. Work in progress.
   
   MANEM (YETI, JETI, WEMBI, SKOFRO) [JET] 400 in Irian Jaya (1978 SIL);
   500 in Papua New Guinea (1993 SIL); 900 in both countries. Northeast
   border area south of Jayapura, villages of Wembi, Yeti, Kibai, Uskuar,
   Griku, Skotiaho, Skofro. Trans-New Guinea, Northern, Border, Waris.
   50% lexical similarity with Waris. Significant literacy in Bahasa
   Indonesia.
   
   MANIKION (MANTION, SOUGB, SOGH) [MNX] 12,000 (1987 SIL). East Bird's
   Head, east of Meyah, south of Manokwari, about 50 villages. East
   Bird's Head. Four dialects. NT in press (1996). Bible portions
   1965-1969.
   
   MAPIA (MAPIAN) [MPY] Mapia Islands, about 180 miles north of
   Manokwari. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern
   Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic,
   Micronesian, Micronesian Proper, Ponapeic-Trukic, Trukic. Ethnic group
   now speaks Biak. Extinct.
   
   MARAU [MVR] 1,700 (1987 SIL). South coast of Serui Island, 5 villages.
   Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern
   Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea,
   Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western. Dialect: WARABORI (NATABUI,
   WAREMBORI). 82% lexical similarity with Pom, Munggui, Papuma, Ansus.
   Survey needed.
   
   MAREMGI (MARENGGE) [MRX] 47 (1975 SIL). North coast inland from Bonggo
   language, village of Marengge. Trans-New Guinea, Northern, Tor, Tor.
   Unintelligible to neighboring settlements including Bonggo. Related to
   Berik, Bonerif, Mander, Itik, Kwesten, Wares. Survey needed.
   
   MARIND (GAWIR, SOUTHEAST MARIND, TUGERI, HALIFOERSCH) [MRZ] 7,000
   (1987 SIL). South coast near Merauke. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section,
   Central and Western, Marind, Marind Proper. Four dialects. Survey
   needed.
   
   MARIND, BIAN (BOVEN-MBIAN, BIAN, NORTHWEST MARIND) [BPV] 900 (1977
   Voegelin and Voegelin). South coast area near Merauke, Merauke
   Kabupaten, Muting Kecamatan. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central
   and Western, Marind, Marind Proper. Survey needed.
   
   MASIMASI [ISM] 200 (1973 SIL). Island off north coast east of the Tor
   River mouth, Jayapura Kabupaten, Pantai Timur Kecamatan. Austronesian,
   Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian,
   Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi.
   Survey needed.
   
   MASSEP (MASEP) [MVS] 40 (1978 SIL). North coast east of Mamberamo
   River mouth and west of Sarmi, near Apawar River. Trans-New Guinea,
   Main Section, Central and Western, Dani-Kwerba, Northern, Massep.
   Survey needed.
   
   MATBAT (ME, BIGA) [XMT] 550 (1991 SIL). Raja Ampat Islands, Misool
   Island, Segaf Islands. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
   Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New
   Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat. Survey needed.
   
   MAWES [MGK] 693 (1975 SIL). Northeast coast east of Sarmi near mouth
   of Wirowai River, villages of Mawes, Mawesweres, Mawesdai. Trans-New
   Guinea, Northern, Tor, Mawes. Survey needed.
   
   MA'YA (SALAWATI, SAMATE, SAILOLOF) [SLZ] 1,600 (1991 SIL). Raja Ampat
   Islands, central Waigeo Island and central Salawati Island.
   Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern
   Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea,
   Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat. Dialects: MA'YA, KAWIT, BANLOL, BATANTA
   ISLAND. Survey needed.
   
   MEKWEI (MENGGEI, MUNGGAI, MUNGGE, DEMENGGONG-WAIBRON-BANO, MENGGWEI,
   MUNKEI, MOOI, MOI, WAIPU) [MSF] 1,200 (1987 SIL). West of Lake
   Sentani, villages of Maribu, Waibrong, Kendate, Sabron Dosay.
   Trans-New Guinea, Nimboran. 60% lexical similarity with Kemtuik.
   Distinct from Moi (Mosana). Speakers bilingual in Indonesian. Survey
   needed.
   
   MEOSWAR (WAR) [MVX] 250 (?) (1993 R. Doriot UFM). Meoswar Island, west
   Cenderawasih Bay. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern,
   Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New
   Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic. Survey needed.
   
   MER (MURI, MIERE) [MNU] 100 to 300 (1988 L. Peckham SIL). Central
   Bird's Head, headwaters of Wosimi and Uremo River. Trans-New Guinea,
   Main Section, Central and Western, Mairasi-Tanamerah, Mairasi. Survey
   needed.
   
   MEYAH (MEAX, MEYACH, MEAH, MEJAH, MEJACH) [MEJ] 15,000 to 20,000 (1995
   G. Gravelle SIL). East Bird's Head, north coast, west of Manokwari,
   north of Hattam language, and scattered locations. East Bird's Head,
   Meax. Many are becoming bilingual in Indonesian. Some are bilingual in
   Mokona. Speakers are 25% to 50% literate in Meyah and Indonesian.
   Closest to Moskona and Manikion. Bible portions 1990-1995. Work in
   progress.
   
   MOI (MOSANA) [MXN] 4,600 (1993 R. Doriot UFM). Salawati Island, west
   Bird's Head around Sorong, 9 villages. West Papuan, Bird's Head, West
   Bird's Head. Distinct from Mekwei (Moi).
   
   MOLOF (AMPAS) [MSL] 200 (1978 SIL). South of Jayapura, west of Waris.
   Trans-New Guinea, Molof. Not closely related to any other language.
   Survey needed.
   
   MOMBUM (KEMELOM) [MSO] 250 (1993 R. Doriot UFM). Island next to
   southeast coast of Fredrik Hendrik Island. Trans-New Guinea, Main
   Section, Central and Western, Central and South New Guinea-Kutubuan,
   Central and South New Guinea, Mombum. Closest to Koneraw. Survey
   needed.
   
   MOMUNA (SOMAHAI, SOMAGE, SUMOHAI) [MQF] 2,700 (1987 SIL). Lowlands
   just south of main ranges extending from south of Silimo east to south
   of Una language. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western,
   Central and South New Guinea-Kutubuan, Central and South New Guinea,
   Momuna. No bilinguals. Contact with Dani who are learning Momuna.
   Speakers are 5% to 15% literate in Momuna. Bible portions 1985-1987.
   Work in progress.
   
   MONI (MIGANI, DJONGGUNU, JONGGUNU) [MNZ] 20,000 (1991 SIL). Central
   highlands, 10 to 70 miles northeast of Lake Paniai. Trans-New Guinea,
   Main Section, Central and Western, Wissel Lakes-Kemandoga,
   Ekari-Wolani-Moni. Dialect: AWEMBAK (AWEMBIAK). NT 1990. Bible
   portions 1976.
   
   MOR [MHZ] 700 (1987 SIL). Mor Islands in east Cenderawasih Bay near
   Nabire. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern
   Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea,
   Cenderawasih Bay, Mor. Distinct from Trans-New Guinea Mor. Survey
   needed.
   
   MOR [MOQ] 60 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Northwest Bomberai
   Peninsula, coast of Bintuni Bay. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section,
   Central and Western, Mor. Distinct from Austronesian Mor. Survey
   needed.
   
   MORAID [MSG] 1,000 or fewer (1988 SIL). West Bird's Head, east of Moi
   and south of Madik languages, villages of Sailala, Makbon, Luwelala,
   Seni. West Papuan, Bird's Head, West Bird's Head. Related dialect or
   language: Kuwani.
   
   MORAORI (MORARI, MOARAERI) [MOK] 50. South coast border area east of
   Merauke, bordering Marind in the east. Trans-New Guinea,
   Trans-Fly-Bulaka River, Trans-Fly, Moraori. Survey needed.
   
   MORWAP (JANGGU, DJANGGU, ELSENG, TABU, SAWA) [MRF] 300 (1991 SIL).
   Jayapura kabupaten, Arso, Abepura, Kemtuk Gresi, Senggi kecamatans,
   south of Jayapura, northeast of the Kaureh. Trans-New Guinea, Morwap.
   Not closely related to any other language. Survey needed.
   
   MOSKONA (SABENA, MENINGGO, MENINGO) [MTJ] 8,000 (1996 G. Gravelle
   SIL). Southeast Bird's Head, south of Meyah and west of Manikion. East
   Bird's Head, Meax. 68% lexical similarity with Meyah. Also related to
   Manikion. Work in progress.
   
   MPUR (KEBAR, AMBERBAKEN, EKWARE, DEKWAMBRE) [AKC] 7,000 (1993 R.
   Doriot UFM). North coast of Bird's Head, west of Manokwari, and Kelar
   Valley. West Papuan, Kebar. Dialects: SIRIR, AJIW. Speakers are 15% to
   25% literate in Indonesian. Work in progress.
   
   MUNGGUI (NATABUI) [MTH] 800 (1982 SIL). North coast of Serui Island
   near 135.50', villages of Munggui, Windesi, Murui, Asei Puramati.
   Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern
   Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea,
   Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western. 82% lexical similarity with
   Marau, Papuma. Survey needed.
   
   MURKIM [RMH] Jayawijaya kabupaten, Kiwirok kecamatan, border area
   around the Mot airstrip, near the headwaters of the Sepik River.
   Unclassified. Survey needed.
   
   MUYU, NORTHERN (NORTHERN MUJU, NORTHERN KATI , NORTH MOEJOE, NIINATI,
   NINATIE, KATI-NINANTI) [KTI] 8,000 (1987 SIL). South coast area east
   and west of Muyu River. Borders South Kati. Trans-New Guinea, Main
   Section, Central and Western, Central and South New Guinea-Kutubuan,
   Central and South New Guinea, Ok, Lowland. Dialects: KANGGEWOT,
   TOEMOETOE (ARE), SIBIL. Survey needed.
   
   MUYU, SOUTHERN (SOUTHERN KATI, SOUTHERN MUJU, SOUTH MOEJOE, MUYU,
   DIGOEL, DIGUL, METOMKA, KATI-METOMKA) [KTS] 4,000 (1987 SIL). South
   coast area in villages south of Yiptem and along Kao River, lower Muyu
   River. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Central
   and South New Guinea-Kutubuan, Central and South New Guinea, Ok,
   Lowland. Dialect: METOMKA. Kowan is a possible dialect. Survey needed.
   
   NABI (MODAN, KURI) [NBN] 500 (1982 SIL). Southwest Bomberai Peninsula,
   along Nabi (Kuri) River west from Wandamen Bay, 16 villages.
   Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Unclassified.
   Closely related to Irarutu. Survey needed.
   
   NAFRI [NXX] 1,630 (1975 SIL). Nafri village, southeast end of Yotafa
   Bay, Jayapura area. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and
   Western, Sentani, Sentani Proper. Survey needed.
   
   NALCA (HMANGGONA, NALTJE, NALTYA, HMONONO, KIMYAL, KIMJAL) [TVL] 8,000
   to 10,000 (1987 SIL). Eastern highlands area on north slopes of ranges
   northeast of Korupun and southeast of Nipsan. Trans-New Guinea, Mek,
   Western. Less than 1% of the population is semi-literate in
   Indonesian. Distinct from Korupun (Kimyal). Bible portions. Work in
   progress.
   
   NARAU [NXU] 100 (?) (1993 R. Doriot UFM). Kecamatan Kaureh, Jayapura
   area. Trans-New Guinea, Kaure, Kaure Proper. Survey needed.
   
   NDOM [NQM] 450 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Frederik Hendrik Island.
   Trans-New Guinea, Kolopom. Closest to Kimaghama, Riantana. Survey
   needed.
   
   NDUGA (NDUGWA, NDAUWA, DAUWA, DAWA, PESECHEM, PESECHAM, PESEGEM) [NDX]
   10,000 (1985 Mary Owen CMA). Jayawijaya, Tiom, central highlands,
   south of high ranges, south of Western Dani, north of Asmat. Trans-New
   Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Dani-Kwerba, Southern,
   Ngalik-Nduga. Dialects: SINAK NDUGA, HITADIPA NDUGA. Some speak Damal,
   Moni, Indonesian. Widely scattered. Levels of bilingualism in Dani are
   0:60%, 1:10%, 2:20%, 3:0%, 4:0%, 5:10%. NT 1984. Bible portions 1971.
   
   NGALUM [SZB] 10,000 in Indonesia (1987 SIL); 18,000 in all countries
   (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Valleys of Ok Sibil, Ok Tsop, and perhaps Ok
   Bon, border area in main range north of North Kati and Iwur languages.
   Also in Papua New Guinea. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and
   Western, Central and South New Guinea-Kutubuan, Central and South New
   Guinea, Ok, Mountain. Dialects: NGALUM, APMISIBIL, SIBIL. NT 1992.
   Bible portions 1974-1991.
   
   NGGEM [NBQ] 3,000 (1991 SIL). Along the middle Haflifoeri River, north
   of Wamena. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western,
   Dani-Kwerba, Southern, Dani. Closely related to Walak. 50% lexical
   similarity with Western Dani. Typology: SOV clause chaining. Bible
   portions 1982. Work in progress.
   
   NIMBORAN (NAMBRONG) [NIR] 3,500 (1987 SIL). North Irian Jaya near
   Papua New Guinea border, due west of Lake Sentani, about 26 villages.
   Trans-New Guinea, Nimboran. 40% lexical similarity with Kemtuik.
   Language use is vigorous. Speakers are bilingual in Indonesian. Bible
   portions 1982-1985.
   
   NINGGERUM (NINGGRUM, NINGGIRUM, NINGGEROEM, KATIVA, KASIWA, OBGWO,
   MUYU) [NXR] 1,000 in Irian Jaya, 3,000 in Papua New Guinea; 4,000 in
   all countries (1975 Wurm). Border area and in Papua New Guinea between
   the Ok Birim and Ok Tedi Rivers. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section,
   Central and Western, Central and South New Guinea-Kutubuan, Central
   and South New Guinea, Ok, Lowland. Speakers are called Muyu. Work in
   progress.
   
   NIPSAN (SOUTHERN JALE, YALE-NIPSAN) [NPS] 2,500 (1993 R. Doriot UFM).
   Jayawijaya, Kurima, just west of Hmanggona. Trans-New Guinea, Mek,
   Western. Distinct from Yali of Ninia, Yali of Angguruk, and Yali of
   Pass Valley. 78% lexical similarity with Yale-Kosarek.
   
   NISA (BONEFA, KEREMA) [NIC] 500 (1987 SIL). Inland from east side of
   Geelvink Bay around Danau Nisa. Geelvink Bay, East Geelvink Bay.
   Vigorous language use.
   
   NOPUK (NOBUK) [NOB] 300 (?) (1993 R. Doriot UFM). East of Mamberamo
   River, in the mountains between the villages of Kwerba and Kasonaweja.
   Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Dani-Kwerba,
   Northern, Kwerba. Tropical forest. Mountain slope. Hunter-gatherers.
   Traditional religion. Survey needed.
   
   OBOKUITAI (OBOGWITAI, ATI, ALIKI) [AFZ] 130 (1996 SIL). Lakes Plain
   just north of mid Rouffaer River, village of Obogwi. Geelvink Bay,
   Northern, Lakes Plain, Tariku, East. 76% lexical similarity with
   Eritai. Distinct from Doutai, Biritai, Sikaritai, but related. Ati
   means 'language'. Speakers are about 15% literate in Obokuitai.
   Typology: SOV, tonal. Bible portions 1994.
   
   ONIN [ONI] 600 (1978 SIL). North and northwest Bomberai Peninsula.
   Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central
   Malayo-Polynesian, North Bomberai. Dialects: NIKUDA, OGAR, PATIPI,
   SEPA.
   
   ORMU [ORZ] 600 (1995 SIL). North coast area just west of Jayapura,
   villages of Ormu Besar and Ormu Kecil, north of the Cyclops Mountains.
   Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern
   Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea,
   Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Jayapura Bay. May be bilingual. Survey needed.
   
   ORYA (URIA, WARPOK) [URY] 1,600 (1985 Philip Fields SIL). Immediately
   southwest of Nimboran, north of Lereh, Jayapura district, Unurum-Guay,
   villages of Nembonton, Bwasom, Guay, Dore, Suma, Santosa, Taja, Witi,
   Orya. 140.83 E to 139.47 E, 02.40.66 S to 02.37 S. 44 nautical miles
   from Sentani, 22 from Genyem. Trans-New Guinea, Northern, Tor, Orya.
   Dialects: BARAT (WEST ORYA), TIMUR (EAST ORYA), YAPSI-TAJA. Slight
   dialect differences. Speakers are 15% to 25% literate in Orya. 'Uria'
   is a misspelling used earlier. 'Warpok' is the Nimboran name. Levels
   of bilingualism in Indonesian are 0:0%, 1:55%, 2:23%, 3:19%, 4:2%,
   5:1%. Intefluvial. Swidden agriculturalists. Altitude: 1,200 feet to
   about 300 feet. Bible portions 1987-1995. Work in progress.
   
   PALAMUL [PLX] 200 (?) (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Raja Ampat Islands,
   southwestern Salawati Island around Sailolof. Austronesian,
   Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South
   Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja
   Ampat. Survey needed.
   
   PAPASENA [PAS] 400 (1982 SIL). Lakes Plain area on lower Idenburg
   River just east of juncture with Rouffaer River. Geelvink Bay, Lakes
   Plain, Tariku, East. 23% lexical similarity with Sikaritai. May not be
   Central Lakes Plain.
   
   PAPUMA [PPM] 600 (1982 SIL). South coast of Serui Island near 135.50',
   village of Papuma. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern,
   Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New
   Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western. 82% lexical
   similarity with Munggui, Marau, Ansus. Vigorous language use. Survey
   needed.
   
   PAUWI [PKA] 100 (1975 Voorhoeve). Mamberamo River area on west side by
   Lake Rombebai. Language Isolate. Survey needed.
   
   PODENA [PDN] 200 (1954 A. C. van der Leeden ms.). Island off north
   coast of Biri River, Jayapura Kabupaten, Bonggo Kecamatan.
   Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern
   Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea,
   Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi. Survey needed.
   
   POM [PMO] 2,000 (1987 SIL). Miosnum Island and west Serui Island,
   villages of Pom, Serewen, Mias Endi. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
   Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New
   Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western.
   Dialect: JOBI. Survey needed.
   
   PURAGI (MOGAO) [PRU] 700 (1991 SIL). Southwest Bird's Head along
   Maccluer Gulf, inland around Matamani River. Trans-New Guinea, South
   Bird's Head-Timor-Alor-Pantar, South Bird's Head, South Bird's Head
   Proper, Western. Survey needed.
   
   RASAWA [RAC] 200 or more (1987 SIL). Two villages near the southern
   coast of Waropen Bawah District. Geelvink Bay, Lakes Plain,
   Rasawa-Saponi. Survey needed.
   
   RIANTANA [RAN] 1,100 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Frederik Hendrik
   Island. Trans-New Guinea, Kolopom. Closest to Kimaghama and Ndom.
   Survey needed.
   
   ROON (RON) [RNN] 1,100 (1993 R. Doriot UFM). Roon Island west of
   Cenderawasih Bay, north of Wandamen Peninsula. Austronesian,
   Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South
   Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen,
   Central-Western. Survey needed.
   
   SAMAROKENA (SAMARKENA, KARFASIA, TAMAYA, TAMAJA) [TMJ] 400 (1982 SIL).
   North coast inland just east of Apawar River, west of Sarmi, villages
   of Karfasia, Samarkena, Maseb, Tamaya. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section,
   Central and Western, Dani-Kwerba, Northern, Samarokena. Speakers
   bilingual in Airoran, Isirawa, and some in Kwerba.
   
   SANGKE [SKG] 200 (1991 SIL). North coast, border area southeast of
   Jayapura. Sko, Vanimo. Survey needed.
   
   SAPONI [SPI] 10 or fewer (1987 SIL). Botawa village, interior Waropen
   Bawah District. Geelvink Bay, Lakes Plain, Rasawa-Saponi. Nearly
   extinct.
   
   SAURI [SAH] 100 (1987 SIL). East side of Cenderawasih Bay near Waropen
   language, in Sauri-Sirami village, near Sirami River. Geelvink Bay,
   East Geelvink Bay.
   
   SAUSE (SEUCE) [SAO] 300 (1993 SIL). Southwest of Sentani, northwest of
   Lereh, villages of Ures, Mubararon, Sause-Bokoko, Witti-Yadow, Lidya,
   Puaral. Trans-New Guinea, Northern, Tor, Unclassified.
   
   SAWERU [SWR] 300 (1991 SIL). Central Serui Island, Serui Waropen
   kabupaten, Yapen Selatan kecamatan, on an island south of Yapen Island
   near Serui. Geelvink Bay. Survey needed.
   
   SAWI (SAWUY, AEJAUROH) [SAW] 3,500 (1993 R. Doriot UFM). Merauke,
   Atsy, near south coastal lowland, between Kronkel and Ayip rivers and
   upper Fayit River area, villages of Kamur, Esebor, Wiagas, Minahai,
   Comoro. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Central
   and South New Guinea-Kutubuan, Central and South New Guinea,
   Awyu-Dumut, Sawi. Closest to Awyu. 5% are semi-literate in Indonesian.
   Levels of bilingualism in Indonesian are 0:75%, 1:25%, 2:0%, 3:0%,
   4:0%, 5:0%. NT 1973-1994. Bible portions 1994.
   
   SEGET [SBG] 1,200 (1988 SIL). West Bird's Head southwest of Sorong,
   west and southwest of Moi language, villages of Walian, Sailolof,
   Segum, Seget. West Papuan, Bird's Head, West Bird's Head. Survey
   needed.
   
   SEKAR (SEKA) [SKZ] 450 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Northwest
   Bomberai Peninsula on coast and one small island. Austronesian,
   Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, North
   Bomberai. Arguni has the highest percentage of lexical similarity with
   Sekar. Blust says this appears to be Central Malayo-Polynesian. Survey
   needed.
   
   SEMIMI (ETNA BAY) [ETZ] 1,000 (1991 L. Peckham SIL). Bomberai
   Peninsula close to Kaniran, south part of neck extending west to
   Triton Bay. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western,
   Mairasi-Tanamerah, Mairasi. Survey needed.
   
   SEMPAN (NARARAPI) [SEM] 1,000 (1987 SIL). Middle south coast, between
   Kokonao and Agats, east of Kamoro and west of Asmat languages.
   Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Central and South
   New Guinea-Kutubuan, Central and South New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro. Close
   to Kamoro and Nefarpi. Survey needed.
   
   SENGGI [SNU] 120 (1978 SIL). Border area south of Jayapura, villages
   of Senggi and Tomfor. Trans-New Guinea, Northern, Border, Waris.
   Survey needed.
   
   SENTANI (BUYAKA) [SET] 30,000 (1996 SIL). Around Lake Sentani, about
   30 villages. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western,
   Sentani, Sentani Proper. Dialects: EAST SENTANI, WEST SENTANI, CENTRAL
   SENTANI. 'Buyaka' is their name for themselves. Speakers are 50% to
   75% literate in Sentani or Indonesian. Dictionary. Grammar. Fishermen,
   agriculturalists. Traditional religion, Christian. Bible portions
   1984-1992. Work in progress.
   
   SERUI-LAUT (ARUI) [SEU] 1,200 (1987 SIL). South central Serui Island
   and Nau Island south of Serui, 5 villages. Austronesian,
   Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South
   Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen,
   Central-Western. 82% lexical similarity with Ansus, 77% with Ambai.
   Vigorous language use. Survey needed.
   
   SIAGHA-YENIMU (SIAGHA, SYIAGHA, SJIAGHA, SIJAGHA, OSER, YENIMU,
   JENIMU) [OSR] 3,000 (1987 SIL). Southeast near coast, north of lower
   Digul River. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western,
   Central and South New Guinea-Kutubuan, Central and South New Guinea,
   Awyu-Dumut, Awyu. Survey needed.
   
   SIKARITAI (AIKWAKAI, TORI AIKWAKAI, SIKARI) [TTY] 800 (1993 R. Doriot
   UFM). Lakes Plain area just north of junction of Idenburg and Rouffaer
   rivers, along Mamberamo River, and west 15 miles, south 10 miles,
   villages of Sikari, Haya, Iri. Geelvink Bay, Lakes Plain, Tariku,
   East. Related languages: Wari, Kwerisa, Eritai, Kaiy, Doutai, Biritai.
   Language use is vigorous. Work in progress.
   
   SILIMO (SOUTH NGALIK, PAIYAGE) [WUL] 5,000 (1987 SIL). Central
   highlands south of the range immediately west of the Baliem River,
   Amo, Kiniage valleys. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and
   Western, Dani-Kwerba, Southern, Ngalik-Nduga. Dialect: LOWER SAMENAGE.
   NT 1992.
   
   SKO (TUMAWO, SEKO, SEKOL, SEKOU, SEKA) [SKV] 350 (1978 SIL). North
   coast border area east of Jayapura, at the mouth of the Tami River,
   villages of Sko-Yambe, Sko-Mabo, Sko-Sai. Sko, Vanimo. Survey needed.
   
   SOBEI (BIGA, IMASI) [SOB] 1,850 (1987 SIL). North coast area east of
   Sarmi, Jayapura Kabupaten, Sarmi Kecamatan. Austronesian,
   Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian,
   Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi.
   Children bilingual in Indonesian. Government schools through entire
   area. Intermarriage with other language groups increasing. Irianese
   Malay used with people from other languages. Bilingual evaluation
   needed with adequate sampling of community and degrees of proficiency
   investigated. Survey needed.
   
   SOWANDA (WAINA, WINA, WANYA, WANJA) [SOW] 1,100 in all countries (1978
   SIL); 1,000 in Papua New Guinea (1982 SIL). Northeast border area
   south of Jayapura. Trans-New Guinea, Northern, Border, Waris.
   
   SUABO (SUABAU, INANWATAN) [SZP] 1,100 (1987 SIL). South Bird's Head
   along Maccluer Gulf, 15 villages. Trans-New Guinea, South Bird's
   Head-Timor-Alor-Pantar, South Bird's Head, Inanwatan. Closest to
   Duriankere.
   
   TABLA (TEPERA, TANAH MERAH, TABI) [TNM] 3,750 (1990 UBS). Jayapura,
   Demta, Depapre, 13 villages on north coast east and west of Tanahmerah
   Bay. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Sentani,
   Sentani Proper. Dialects: YOKARI, TEPERA, YEWENA-YONGSU. Yokari
   dialect understood by other dialects at 80% to 95%, others have 95% to
   100% intelligibility with each other. Tabla has 30% lexical similarity
   with Sentani (closest). Distinct from Tanahmerah (Sumeri) of Bomberai
   Peninsula. 'Tepera' is their name for themselves. Levels of
   bilingualism in Indonesian are 0:1%, 1:1%, 2:8%, 3:85%, 4:5%, 5:0%.
   Bible portions 1986. Survey needed.
   
   TAIKAT (TAJKAT, ARSO) [AOS] 600 (1978 SIL). Northeast border area,
   straight south of Jayapura. Trans-New Guinea, Northern, Border,
   Taikat. Closest to Awyi.
   
   TAMAGARIO (BURU, TAMARAW, WAGOW) [TCG] 3,500 (1987 SIL). South coast
   area between Gondu and Bapai rivers. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section,
   Central and Western, Kayagar. Survey needed.
   
   TANAHMERAH (SUMERI, SUMERINE) [TCM] 500 (1978 SIL). North Bomberai
   Peninsula along the Gondu and Bapai rivers. Trans-New Guinea, Main
   Section, Central and Western, Mairasi-Tanamerah, Tanamerah. Distinct
   from Tanahmerah (Tabla) of Sentani branch. Survey needed.
   
   TANDIA [TNI] 2 (1991 SIL). Bird's Head neck area just south of
   Wandamen Peninsula along Wohsimi River. Austronesian,
   Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South
   Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Tandia.
   Most Tandia people speak Wandamen. Nearly extinct.
   
   TAROF (NEBES, KOKODA) [TCF] 3,700 (1993 R. Doriot UFM). Middle south
   coast of Bird's Head along Bintuni Bay. Trans-New Guinea, South Bird's
   Head-Timor-Alor-Pantar, South Bird's Head, South Bird's Head Proper,
   Central. Dialects: TAROF, TAMBANI, MIGORI. Dialects listed have
   lexical similarities of: Migori and Tarof 73%, Tarof and Tambani 80%,
   Migori and Tambani 73%. Tarof and Kasuweri have 63% lexical
   similarity; Kemberano and Tarof have 55%; Tarof and Arandai 37%. Wurm
   and Hattori (1981) list Tarof and Kasuweri as separate languages.
   Survey needed.
   
   TARPIA (KAPTIAUW, KAPITIAUW) [SUF] 564 (1978 SIL). North coast area
   near Demta, villages of Tarfia and Kaptiau, Jayapura Kabupaten, Demta
   and Bonggo Kecamatans. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
   Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic,
   North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi. Dialects: SUFRAI, TARPIA
   (TARFIA). Closest to Bonggo. Survey needed.
   
   TAUSE (DOA, DARHA) [TAD] 350 (1993 R. Doriot UFM). Around Deraposi,
   southwest of Danau Bira, northeast of Fayu language, northwest of
   Edopi language, western Lakes Plain (Paniai). Geelvink Bay, Lakes
   Plain, Tariku, West. Dialects: TAUSE, WEIRATE, DEIRATE. First contact
   with outside world in 1982. Related to Fayu and Kirikiri, but a
   separate language. No Indonesian spoken. There is a trade language
   spoken with nearby languages. Access by river, air. Levels of
   bilingualism in Fayu are 75,:1 15%, 2:7%, 3:2%, 4:0%, 5:1%.
   
   TAWORTA (TAWORTA-AERO) [TBP] 150 (1993 R. Doriot UFM). Lakes Plain
   area on the south side of the Idenburg River east of Taiyeve. Geelvink
   Bay, Lakes Plain, East Lakes Plain. Survey needed.
   
   TEFARO (DEMBA) [TFO] 100 approximately (1987 SIL). East side of
   Cenderawasih Bay, in villages of Tefaro and Demba. Geelvink Bay, East
   Geelvink Bay. Survey needed.
   
   TEHIT (TEHID, KAIBUS) [KPS] 8,800 (1993 R. Doriot). Southwest Bird's
   Head, kecamatan Teminabuan, about 35 villages. West Papuan, Bird's
   Head, West Bird's Head. Dialects: TEHIT JIT, MBOL FLE, SAIFI, IMYAN,
   SFA RIERE, FKAR, SAWIAT SALMEIT. Closest to Kalabra. Speakers are 15%
   to 25% literate in Indonesian. Work in progress.
   
   TOBATI (JOTAFA, YOTAFA, YAUTEFA, HUMBOLDT JOTAFA, JAYAPURA) [TTI]
   2,462 or fewer (1975 SIL). Jayapura Bay, close to Jayapura, villages
   of Tobati, Engros, Entrop, Kota Raja. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
   Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic,
   North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Jayapura Bay. Formerly
   classified as Papuan. Kayupulau may be a dialect. Survey needed.
   
   TOFAMNA [TLG] 100 (?) (1993 R. Doriot UFM). Tofamna village, south of
   Jayapura just east of Nawa River. Trans-New Guinea, Tofamna. Not
   closely related to any other language. Survey needed.
   
   TOWEI (TOWE) [TTN] 115 (1975 SIL). Border area south of Jayapura,
   south of Dubu, west of Emumu languages, in and around Towe. Trans-New
   Guinea, Pauwasi, Western. Survey needed.
   
   TUNGGARE (TARUNGGARE, TURUNGGARE) [TRT] 500 (1993 R. Doriot UFM).
   North central, inland from Waropen group, west of Mamberamo River,
   east Geelvink Bay near Nabire. Geelvink Bay, East Geelvink Bay. Most
   closely related to Bauzi; 70% lexical similarity. Survey needed.
   
   UNA (GOLIATH, MT. GOLIATH, ORANJE-GEBERGTE, LANGDA) [MTG] 4,000 (1991
   SIL). Eastern highlands on south slopes of main ranges east of Sela
   Valley, west of Ngalum, Bidabuh, east Weip Valley, Yay Valley.
   Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern. 80% lexical similarity with Eipomek.
   Speakers are 5% to 15% literate in Una. Typology: SOV, clause
   chaining, switch reference, split ergative. Work in progress.
   
   URUANGNIRIN (FAUR, TUBIRUASA) [URN] 250 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin).
   Two small islands between Karas Island and mainland of southwest
   Bomberai Peninsula. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern,
   Central Malayo-Polynesian, North Bomberai. Blust says this appears to
   be Central Malayo-Polynesian. Survey needed.
   
   USKU [ULF] 150 (1991 SIL). Usku village, south of Jayapura, just south
   of Pauwasi. Trans-New Guinea, Usku. Not closely related to any other
   language. Survey needed.
   
   WABO (WORIASI, NUSARI) [WBB] 1,500 (1987 SIL). North and south coast
   of east end of Serui Island, near 136.45' to 136.55', 6 villages.
   Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern
   Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea,
   Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, East. 71% lexical similarity with Kurudu, 46%
   with Western Serui. Survey needed.
   
   WAIGEO (AMBER, AMBERI, WAIGIU) [WGO] 300 (1978 SIL). North central
   Waigeo Island off western Bird's Head, Sorong Kabupaten, Waigeo
   Selatan Kecamatan, Warsanbin, Selegop, Waifoi, Go, Kabilol, Kabare,
   and Nyandesawai villages. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
   Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New
   Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat. Dialects:
   AMBER, SAONEK.
   
   WAKDE [WKD] 400 (1980 SIL). Wakde Islands off the north coast just
   east of the Tor River, Jayapura Kabupaten, Pantai Timur Kecamatan.
   Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern
   Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea,
   Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi. Survey needed.
   
   WALAK (LOWER PYRAMID, WODO) [WLW] 1,500 (?) (1993 R. Doriot UFM).
   Villages of Ilugwa, Wodo, Bugi, Mogonik, Wurigelebut. Trans-New
   Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Dani-Kwerba, Southern,
   Dani.
   
   WAMBON [WMS] 3,000 (1987 SIL). South coast area northeast of Kaeti
   language. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Central
   and South New Guinea-Kutubuan, Central and South New Guinea,
   Awyu-Dumut, Dumut. Survey needed.
   
   WANDAMEN (WANDAMEN-WINDESI, WINDESI, WINDESSI, BINTUNI, BENTUNI,
   BENTOENI, WAMESA) [WAD] 5,000 (1993 R. Doriot UFM). Wasior, Manokwari,
   west Cenderawasih Bay along Wandamen Bay extending west to east end of
   Bintuni Bay. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern
   Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea,
   Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western. Dialects: WINDESI, BINTUNI,
   WAMESA, WASIOR, AMBUMI, DASENER, AIBONDENI. 25% are literate in
   Wandamen, 50% in Indonesian. Bible portions 1937-1994. Work in
   progress.
   
   WANO [WNO] 3,500 (1993 R. Doriot UFM). Central highlands area on upper
   Rouffaer River basin north of Western Dani, south of Dem. Trans-New
   Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Dani-Kwerba, Southern,
   Wano. Bible portions 1989. Work in progress.
   
   WAREMBORI (WARENBORI) [WSA] 600 or more (1987 SIL). North coast, west
   of the mouth of Mamberamo River, villages of Warembori, Yoke, and
   others. Language Isolate.
   
   WARES [WAI] 200 (?) (1993 R. Doriot UFM). North coast area inland from
   Kwesten language on upper Biri River, south side, village of
   Mauswares. Trans-New Guinea, Northern, Tor, Tor. Distinct from Waris
   or Wari. Survey needed.
   
   WARI (WERETAI, WARITAI) [WBE] 300 (?) (1993 R. Doriot UFM). Lakes
   Plain area around Taiyeve. Geelvink Bay, Lakes Plain, Tariku, East.
   Related language: Doutai. Different from Waris or Wares.
   
   WARIS (WALSA) [WRS] 1,500 in Irian Jaya; 2,500 in Papua New Guinea;
   4,000 in all countries. Northeast Irian Jaya south of Jayapura.
   Trans-New Guinea, Northern, Border, Waris. Bible portions 1987. Work
   in progress.
   
   WARKAY-BIPIM (BIPIM AS-SO, BIPIM) [BGV] 300 (1993 R. Doriot UFM).
   South coast area bordering Asmat to east and Sawi to west, lower
   Eilanden River, 3 villages. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central
   and Western, Marind, Yaqay. 50% of speakers somewhat bilingual in
   Indonesian or Asmat.
   
   WAROPEN (WONTI, WORPEN) [WRP] 6,000 (1987 SIL). East Cenderawasih Bay,
   south coast of Serui Island. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
   Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New
   Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Waropen. Dialects: WAROPEN
   KAI, NAPAN, MO'OR. 25% are literate in Indonesian. Work in progress.
   
   WOI (WO'OI) [WBW] 1,300 (1987 SIL). Miosnum and west Serui Islands,
   villages of Wooi and Wainap. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
   Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New
   Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western. 77%
   lexical similarity with Pom, Marau, Ansus. Survey needed.
   
   WOLANI (WODANI, WODA, WODA-MO) [WOD] 5,000 (1992 UBS). Western central
   highlands along Kemandoga and Mbiyandogo Rivers, north of Ekari
   language 75 miles northeast of Lake Paniai, north of Wissel Lakes and
   northwest of the Moni. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and
   Western, Wissel Lakes-Kemandoga, Ekari-Wolani-Moni. NT in press
   (1995). Bible portions 1984.
   
   WORIA [WOR] 12 approximately (1987 SIL). Interior Waropen Bawah,
   Botawa village. Geelvink Bay, East Geelvink Bay. Botawa is a Demisa
   and Waropen speaking village. Nearly extinct.
   
   YAFI (JAFI, YAFFI, WAGARINDEM, WARGARINDEM) [WFG] 175 (1975 SIL).
   Northeast Irian Jaya, border area south of Jayapura near Ampas,
   villages of Yaffri, Sungguar, Tainda, Abiu, Tokondo. Trans-New Guinea,
   Pauwasi, Eastern. Survey needed.
   
   YAHADIAN (NERIGO, JAHADIAN) [NER] 500 (1991 SIL). South Bird's Head,
   between lower Mintamani River and Sekak River along Maccluer Gulf.
   Trans-New Guinea, South Bird's Head-Timor-Alor-Pantar, South Bird's
   Head, Konda-Yahadian. Survey needed.
   
   YAIR (AWYU) [YIR] 1,500 (1987 SIL). South coast west side of Digul
   River, south of Kombai, east of Awyu. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section,
   Central and Western, Central and South New Guinea-Kutubuan, Central
   and South New Guinea, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu. Reading comprehension of
   Indonesian is poor.
   
   YALE, KOSAREK (KOSAREK, YALE-KOSAREK, WANAM, INLOM) [KKL] 2,300 (1993
   R. Doriot UFM). Eastern highlands, just east of Yali of Ninia,
   northwest of Nipsan, east of Dani, a little north of Yali of Angguruk.
   Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Western. Dialects: KOSAREK, GILIKA (KILIKA),
   TIPLE. Closely related to Nipsan, Hmanggona, and Gilika. The term 'In
   Lom' refers to only half the group. Bible portions 1992. Work in
   progress.
   
   YALI, ANGGURUK (NORTHERN YALI, ANGGURUK, YALIMO) [YLI] 15,000 (1991
   UBS). Central highlands area northwest of Nalca, east of Grand Valley
   Dani. Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western,
   Dani-Kwerba, Southern, Ngalik-Nduga. Distinct from Yali of Ninia and
   Yali of Pass Valley, but related. NT 1988. Bible portions 1976.
   
   YALI, NINIA (NINIA, SOUTHERN YALI, JALY, JAL_, NORTH NGALIK) [NLK]
   9,500 (1995 J.D. Wilson RBMU). Central highlands area west from
   Angguruk, east of Grand Valley Dani, including Holuwon village.
   Trans-New Guinea, Main Section, Central and Western, Dani-Kwerba,
   Southern, Ngalik-Nduga. Distinct from Yali of Pass Valley and Yali of
   Angguruk, but related. 15% to 20% literate. NT 1993. Bible portions
   1976.
   
   YALI, PASS VALLEY (WESTERN YALI, PASS VALLEY, ABENDAGO) [YAC] 5,000 or
   fewer (1988 SIL). Central highlands, east of Angguruk and northwest of
   Naltya, Jayawijaya, Kurulu, and Kurima. Trans-New Guinea, Main
   Section, Central and Western, Dani-Kwerba, Southern, Ngalik-Nduga.
   Dialects: PASS VALLEY, LANDIKMA, APAHAPSILI. Distinct from Yali of
   Ninia and Yali of Angguruk, but related. NT 1977.
   
   YAMNA [YMN] 250 (1980 SIL). Island off the north coast east of the Tor
   River, Jayapura Kabupaten, Pantai Timur Kecamatan. Austronesian,
   Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian,
   Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi.
   Survey needed.
   
   YAQAY (YAQAI, JAKAI, SOHUR, MAPI, JAQAI) [JAQ] 10,000 (1987 SIL).
   South coast area north of Odamun River and along Miwamon River
   southeast of Sawuy and Kaygir languages. Trans-New Guinea, Main
   Section, Central and Western, Marind, Yaqay. Dialects: OBA-MIWAMON,
   NAMBLOMON-MABUR, BAPAI. Many becoming bilingual in Indonesian.
   
   YARSUN [YRS] 200 (1991 SIL). Island off the north coast east of the
   Biri River, Jayapura Kabupaten, Bonggo Kecamatan. Austronesian,
   Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian,
   Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi.
   Survey needed.
   
   YAUR (JAUR) [JAU] 350 (1978 SIL). Lower end of Cenderawasih Bay, west
   of Iresim. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern
   Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea,
   Cenderawasih Bay, Yaur. Survey needed.
   
   YAWA (YAPANANI, MORA, TURU, MANTEMBU, YAVA, IAU) [YVA] 6,000 (1987
   SIL). Central Serui Island, Serui Waropen, Serui Selatan, Timur Barat,
   8 north coast villages, 2 interior villages, 18 south coast villages.
   Geelvink Bay, Yawa. Dialects: CENTRAL YAWA (MORA), WEST YAWA, SOUTH
   YAWA, NORTH YAWA, EAST YAWA. Distinct from Iau in Lakes Plain area.
   Speakers are 15% to 25% literate in Yawa. Bible portions 1989-1990.
   Work in progress.
   
   YEI (YEY, JEI, JE) [JEI] 1,000 in all countries (1975 Wurm). Border
   area of south coast, bordering southeast Marind on east. Also in Papua
   New Guinea along upper Maro River. Trans-New Guinea, Trans-Fly-Bulaka
   River, Trans-Fly, Morehead and Upper Maro Rivers, Yey. Survey needed.
   
   YELMEK (JELMEK, JAB, JABSCH) [JEL] 400 (1978 SIL). South coast area on
   east side of Marianne Strait between Frederik Hendrik Island and
   mainland. Trans-New Guinea, Trans-Fly-Bulaka River, Bulaka River.
   Closest to Maklew. Survey needed.
   
   YERETUAR (GONI, UMAR, UMARI) [GOP] 250 (1978 SIL). Lower Cenderawasih
   Bay, south of Wandamen language. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
   Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New
   Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yeretuar. Distinct from
   Kamoro. Survey needed.
   
   YETFA [YET] 1,000 (1996 UFM). Jayawijaya kabupaten, Okbibab kecamatan,
   border area just east of the Sogber River. Unclassified. Work in
   progress.
   
   YOKI [YKI] 40 (1978 SIL). East of Warembori on the east side of the
   Mamberamo River mouth, Jayapura Kabupaten. Unclassified. Survey
   needed.
   
   YONGGOM (YONGOM, YONGKOM) [YON] 2,000 in Irian Jaya (1987 SIL); 15,000
   in Papua New Guinea (1986 UBS); 17,000 in all countries. South coast
   border area just north of where Fly River forms border between Irian
   Jaya and Papua New Guinea. Also in Papua New Guinea. Trans-New Guinea,
   Main Section, Central and Western, Central and South New
   Guinea-Kutubuan, Central and South New Guinea, Ok, Lowland. Close to
   Southern Kati and Ninggerum. Bible portions 1965-1988. Work in
   progress.

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