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Date: Thu, 27 Oct 1994 17:07:29 -0600
From: pws@cuug.ab.ca (Paul Salim)
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Subject: "Sumpah Pemuda",28.x.1994: Critique of Neo-Majapahit Imperialism
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Introduction
============
It was on 28th October 1928 that the All Indonesian Youth Congress held in
Jakarta decided to adopt a historic resolution proclaiming the threefold
ideas of one country, one nation and one language. The resolution, known
as the "Sumpah Pemuda", the Youth Pledge, reads (in translation) as fol-
lows [1]:
Firstly : We the sons and daughters of Indonesia declare that we belong to
one fatherland, Indonesia
Secondly: We the sons and daughters of Indonesia declare that we belong to
one nation, the Indonesian nation
Thirdly : We the sons and daughters of Indonesia uphold as the language of
unity the Indonesian language
Tomorrow on 28th October 1994 we are going to observe the Youth Pledge Day.
The main question which should be asked on that day is whether the idealism
of the Youth Pledge on 28th October 1928 has so far been fulfilled OR, ins-
tead, CORRUPTED. The answer of the question is going to be presented in
the following paragraphs. In the first paragraph, we are going to discuss a
theoretical background of Imperialism (which is the basis of my discussion
about Neo-Majapahit Imperialism two months ago). Then, in the second para-
graph, we are going to show the Majapahit Imperialism, which is also the ba-
sis of the Neo-Majapahit Imperialism present today in Indonesia. And in the
last paragraph, what should be examined during the observation of the Youth
Pledge Day will be presented. The author, Paul H. Salim, believes that
this article is far from being complete (partly because the Neo-Majapahit
Imperialism is under intense study). Therefore, if readers find anything
wrong in the article, any criticisms and corrections are very much welcomed.
Imperialism : Theoretical Background
====================================
Ir. Sukarno (or popularly called Bung Karno, the founding Father of Indo-
nesia) in his 1930 defence speech "Indonesia Accuses !" defined the mean-
ing of Imperialism as follows [2]:
Imperialism is a concept, a kind of viewpoint. It is not
a civil servant; it is not the government; it is not authority;
it is no individual or organization whatsoever. It is a LUST,
a system which rules or directs the economy and country of ano-
ther people. It is a societal 'happening', arising out of the
economic requirements of a particular country or people. As long
as 'economic nationalism' or a 'national economy' exists, the
world will bear witness to imperialism.
We find it :
- in the lust of the Roman Eagle flying everywhere, subjugating
countries both around and away from the Mediteranian
Sea
- in the Spanish occupation of the Netherlands to defeat the
English
- in the Oriental Kingdom of SRIVIJAYA's desire to subjugate
the Malacca peninsula, the kingdom of Malaya, and to
exercise influence over the neighbouring state of
Cambodia, or Champa
- in the lust of MAJAPAHIT to subjugate and control the whole
Indonesian archipelago from Bali to Kalimantan, from
Sumatra to the Moluccas
- in the Japanese occupation of Korea, control over Manchuria,
and rules over the Pacific islands.
Imperialism is always found in all countries whose economies
have required it. Not only among white-skinned people is im-
perialism found, but also among yellow-skinned people, black-
skinned people, brown-skinned people like ourselves, as proved
in the SRIVIJAYA and MAJAPAHIT eras. Imperialism is an 'eco-
nomically determined necessity', a necessity determined by the
low economic level of a society: IT DOES NOT DISCRIMINATE !
(Notes: The Srivijaya kingdom was centered in Palembang area of eastern
Sumatra, Indonesia, and lasted from 7th to 15th century A.D.;
the Majapahit empire was located in East Java, Indonesia, and
lasted from 1292 to 1530 )
Readers should consult to source [2] in case that a more detailed analysis
of Sukarno's Imperialism is needed. However, it is also important to
look at what other people have defined and analyzed Imperialism more tho-
roughly, perhaps, than Ir. Sukarno. To this reason, let's open a famous book
"Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism" written by Vladimir Ilyich
Lenin. According to V.I. Lenin [3],
Imperialism represents the HIGHEST STAGE OF CAPITALISM which
embraces the following five essential features:
1. the concentration of production and capital developed to such
a high stage that it creates monopolies which play a decisive
role in economic life
2. the merging of bank capital with industrial capital, and the
creation, on the basis of this "finance capital", of a "fi-
nancial oligarchy"
3. the export of capital, which has become extremely important,
as distinguished from the export of commodities
4. the formation of international capitalist monopolies which
shares the world among themselves
5. the territorial division of the whole world among the greatest
powers is completed
If readers pay attention to the above definitions of Imperialism by Lenin
as well as Ir. Sukarno, there is a relationship between the two. Also please
don't forget to quote what Capitalism means according to Ir. Sukarno [2],
Capitalism is the social system that emerges from a mode of
production (1) which separates the working class from the means
of production (2). Capitalism arises out of a mode of produc-
tion, which by its nature prevents profits (3) from falling in-
to the hands of the working class, but rather into the hands of
the employers. Thus capitalism also promotes the accumulation
of capital (4), the concentration of capital (5), the central-
ization of capital (6), a Reserve Army of industrially unemplo-
yed (7). Capitalism leads to immizeration ("Verelendung").
(Notes: (1) = 'pembikinan sesoeatoe barang'
(2) = 'alat-2 produktie', 'mitsalnja mesin-2, fabriek-2, dll'
(3) = 'tambahnja harga oleh kerdjanja jang membikin'
(4) = 'penimboenan kapital'
(5) = 'kapital ketjil-2 menjadi satoe kapital besar'
(6) = 'kapital besar-2 menjadi satoe kapital besar'
(7) = 'tentara kaum werloos' = 'tentara kaum penganggur' )
Since we are only going to discuss Imperialism according to Lenin in this
article, it is important to know what Lenin meant with the "five essential
features" mentioned above:
A. Concentration of Production and Monopolies
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The enormous growth of industry and the remarkably rapid process of concen-
tration of production in ever-larger enterprises represent one of the most
characteristic features of capitalism. For instance, in USA in 1904 large
scale enterprises with an annual output of one million dollars and over
numbered 1,900 (out of 216,180, i.e., 0.9 per cent). These employed
1,400,000 workers (out of 5,500,000, i.e. 25.6 per cent) and their com-
bined annual output was valued at $5,600,000,000 (out of $14,800,000,000,
i.e., 38 per cent). Five years later, in 1909, the corresponding figures
were: large-scale enterprises: 3,060 out of 268,491, i.e., 1.1 per cent;
employing: 2,000,000 workers out of 6,600,000, i.e., 30.5 per cent;
output: $9,000,000,000 out of $20,700,000,000, i.e., 43.8 per cent.
Almost half of the total production of all enterprises of the country was
carried on by a hundreth part of those enterprises ! These 3,000 giant en-
terprises embrace 268 branches of industry, as if there were only a dozen
large-scale enterprises for each branch of industry. But this is not the
case, because not in every branch of industry are there large-scale enter-
prises; and, moreover, a very important feature of capitalism in its high-
est stage of development is so-called "combined production," that is to
say, the grouping in a single enterprise (i.e., CARTELS, SYNDICATES, or
TRUSTS) of different branches of industry.
The combination of production or the formation of cartels/syndicates/trusts
will:
1. level out the fluctuations of trade and therefore assures to
the combined enterprises a more stable rate of PROFIT,
2. have the effect of eliminating COMPETITION,
3. has the acquisition of SUPERPROFITS over and above those
obtained by the 'pure' (i.e., non-combined) enterprises,
The work habit of cartels/syndicates/trusts is as follows:
1. to have an agreement on the conditions of sale, terms of pay-
ments, etc.
2. to divide the markets among themselves,
3. to fix the quantity of goods to be produced,
4. to fix prices,
5. to divide the profits among the various enterprises, etc.
And, sometimes, cartels have to compete against "outsiders", i.e., enter-
prises outside the cartels. What cartels do against them are as follows:
1. to stop supplies of raw materials ("one of the most important
methods of compelling adherence to the cartels"),
2. to stop the supply of labour by means of "alliances" (i.e., of
agreements between employers and the trade unions by which the
latter permit their members to work only in cartelised enter-
prises),
3. to cut off delivery,
4. to close off trade outlets,
5. to have agreements with the buyers, by which the latter undertake
to trade only with the cartels,
6. to cut price systematically (to ruin "outside" firms, i.e., those
which refuse to submit to the cartels. Millions are spent in or-
der to sell goods for a certain time below their cost price; there
were instances when the price of benzine was thus lowered from
40 to 22 marks, i.e., reduced almost by half !),
7. to stop credits,
8. to boycott.
This is no longer competition between small and large-scale industry, or
between technically developed and backward enterprises. We see here that
MONOPOLY is being conducted by the cartels throttling those which do not
submit to them, to their yoke, and to their dictation.
B. Finance Capital and Financial Oligarchy
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Finance capital is defines as a proportion of industrial capital which is
employed by industrialists, does not belong to them but the banks. Finan-
cial oligarchy will occur if a bank/a group of banks controls the affairs
of a certain company. It can happen because the ownership of 40% of the
shares of the company will be enough to control its affairs. The following
figure will show us the amount of finance capital in capitalist countries.
FINANCIAL SECURITIES IN 1910
(in billion of francs)
Great Britain 142 \
USA 132 |__ 479
France 110 |
Germany 95 /
Russia 31
Austria-Hungary 24
Italy 14
Holland 12.5
Japan 12
Belgium 7.5
Spain 7.5
Switzerland 6.25
Denmark 3.75
Sweden,Norway,Rumania,etc. 2.5
---------------------------------
Total 600.00
From these figures we at once see standing out in sharp relief four of the
richest capitalist countries, each of which controled securities to amounts
ranging from 100 to 150 billion francs. Two of these countries, Great Bri-
tain and France, are the oldest capitalist countries and, as we shall see,
possess the most colonies; the other two, USA and Germany, are in the front
rank as regards rapidity of development and the degree of extension of ca-
pitalist monopolies in industry. Together, these four countries own
479,000,000,000 francs, that is, nearly 80 per cent of the world's finance
capital.
C. The Export of Capital
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Under the old capitalism, when free competition prevailed, the export of
goods was the most typical feature. Under modern capitalism, when monopo-
lies prevail, the export of capital has become the typical feature.
The following table will illustrate the amount of capital invested abroad
by the three principal capitalist countries:
CAPITAL INVESTED ABROAD
(in billion of francs)
Year Great Britain France Germany
1862 3.6 - -
1872 15.0 10 (1869) -
1882 22.0 15 (1880) -
1893 42.0 20 (1890) -
1902 62.0 27-37 12.5
1914 75-100 60 44.0
Thus, before the First World War, the capital invested abroad by the three
leading capitalist countries amounted to between 175 to 200 billion francs.
At the modest rate of 5 per cent, this sum should have brought from 8 to
10 billion a year into those capitalist countries !!
D. The Division of the World among Capitalist Combines
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Monopolist capitalist combines - cartels, syndicates, trusts - divide
among themselves the international market, so it will lead to the for-
mation of international cartels.
The electrical industry is the best example for the international cartels
from the end of the ninteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries.
This industry has developed mostly in the two capitalist countries, the
United States of America and Germany. In Germany, up to 1900 there had
been seven "groups" in the electrical industry, i.e., Felten & Guillaume,
Lahmeyer, A.E.G., Siemens & Halske, Schuckert & Co., Bergmann, and Kummer.
Each was formed of several companies (altogether there were twenty-eight)
and each was supported by from two to eleven banks. Around 1900, Kummer
went bankrupt, so there remained six groups which by 1908 merged into four
groups as follows:
1. Felten & Lahmeyer = a merger between Felten & Guillaume and
Lahmeyer
2. A.E.G.
3. Siemens & Halske-Schuckert = a merger between Siemens & Halske
and Schuckert & Co.
4. Bergmann
Soon afterwards, the four further merged into two groups:
1. A.E.G. = a merger between Felten & Lahmeyer and A.E.G.
2. Siemens & Halske-Schuckert = a merger between Siemens & Halske-
Schuckert and Bergmann
and by 1912 the two have possible become one group (!) due to close "co-
operation" since 1908. The famous A.E.G. controled 175 to 200 companies
(through shareholdings), and a total capital of approximately
DM 1,500,000,000 !!
At the same time in the USA there has been a similar merger into General
Electric Company between Thomson-Houston Co. and Edison Co. In 1907, the
German and American trusts concluded an agreement by which they divided
the world between themselves. Competition between them ceased (!). The
American General Electric Company "got" market in the USA and Canada.
The A.E.G. "got" market in Germany, Austria, Russia, Holland, Denmark,
Switzerland, Turkey and the Balkans. The two trusts were required to
exchange inventions and experiments. The following table will show the
trusts' profile between 1907 and 1911:
Year Turnover No. of Net Profits
(mill. DM) Employees (mill. DM)
US: General Electric 1907 252 28,000 35.4
Company 1911 298 32,000 45.6
Germany: A.E.G. 1907 216 30,700 14.5
1911 362 60,800 21.7
E. The Division of the World among the Great Powers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A. Supan, in his book "Die territoriale Entwicklung der europaischen Ko-
lonien" (1906), gave the following brief summary of this development at
the end of the ninteenth century (from 1876 to 1900):
PERCENTAGE OF TERRITORIES BELONGING TO THE
EUROPEAN COLONIAL POWERS (including USA)
Increase(+)/
1876 1900 Decrease(-)
Africa 10.8 90.4 +79.6
Polynesia 56.8 98.9 +42.1
Asia 51.5 56.6 + 5.1
Australia 100 100 -
America 27.5 27.2 - 0.3
The conclusions of the above figures were as follows:
1. the characteristic feature of that period was the FINAL parti-
tion of the globe, i.e., that the colonial policy of the capi-
talist countries has COMPLETED the seizure of the "unoccupied"
territories in our planet,
2. the world is completely divided up, so that in the future ONLY
redivision is possible; territories can only pass from one
"owner" to another, instead of passing as unowned territory to
an "owner".
A. Supan also furnished the following summary of the colonial possessions
of all powers of the world (between 1876 and 1914):
COLONIAL POSSESSIONS OF THE GREAT POWERS
(million sq. kms and million inhabitants)
Colonies Home Countries Total
1876 1914 1914 1914
Area Pop Area Pop Area Pop Area Pop
Great 22.5 251.9 33.5 393.5 0.3 46.5 33.8 440.0
Britain
Russia 17.0 15.9 17.4 33.2 5.4 136.2 22.8 169.4
France 0.9 6.0 10.6 55.5 0.5 39.6 11.1 95.1
Germany - - 2.9 12.3 0.5 64.9 3.4 77.2
USA - - 0.3 9.7 9.4 97.0 9.7 106.7
Japan - - 0.3 19.2 0.4 53.0 0.7 72.2
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 40.4 273.8 65.0 523.4 16.5 437.2 81.5 960.6
Colonies of other powers (Belgium, Holland, etc) 9.9 45.3
Semi-colonial countries (Persia, China, Turkey) 14.5 361.2
Other countries 28.0 289.9
------------------------------------------------------------------
Total area and population of the world 133.9 1,657.0
We see from the above figures how "complete" was the division of the world
at the end of the ninteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries. Af-
ter 1876, colonial possessions increased to an enormous degree, more than
one and a half times (from 40,000,000 to 65,000,000 square kilometers in
area for the six biggest powers), an increase of 25,000,000 square kilome-
ters, i.e., one and a half times greater than the area of the "home" coun-
tries, which only had a total of 16,500,000 square kilometers !!
Majapahit Imperialism
=====================
During Majapahit-era, there were several royal symbolisms as well as poli-
tical order. Some which were mentioned in the literature can be summar-
ized as follows:
1. The motto "Bhineka Tunggal Ika" was introduced during the Majapahit-
era and documented by Mpu Tantular in his "kakawin Sutasoma" of which
Canto CXXXIX reads as follows [4]:
Rwaneka dhatu winuwus wara Bhuddha It is said that the well-known Bud-
Wiswa, bhineki rakwa ring apan kena dha and Siwa are two different subs-
parwanosen. mangkang Jinatwa kalawan tances. They are indeed different,
Siwatatwa tunggal, bhineka tunggal yet how is it possible to recognize
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ their difference is a glance, since
ika tan hana dharmma mangrwa. the Truth of Jina and the Truth of
^^^ Siwa is one. They are indeed diffe-
rent, but they are of the same kind,
as there is no divisions in Truth
2. The symbols "Garuda" became the presents of honour to men who have been
brave in combat during Majapahit-era as mentioned in the minor writing
of "Nawanatya" (paragraph 13a) in Nagara-Kertagama [5]:
The presents of honour to men who have been brave in combat are:
.....; if it is a man carrying a "buntal" lance (with spear-heads
at both ends) and a "tameng"-buckler ("tameng" = the round shield),
being brave in combat, his presents of honour are: a "sungkul"-
headdress of "tampak-waja" (pattern), of the shape GARUDA flying
ahead, a "tameng"-buckler with golden open-work, a "buntal"-lance
and "camara"-tassels. These come from the "rakryan rangga" (Right
Honorable aide-de-champs).
3. The word "Pancashila" (five commandments) was also mentioned in Negara-
Kertagama by Mpu Tantular in Canto 43 - Stanza 2 [5]:
Nahan hetu narendra bhakti ri pada That was the reason why the Prince
shri shakyasinhasthiti, yatnagegwan was submissive at the Feet of the
i pancashila krtasaskarabhisekakrama Illustrious Shakya-Lion (Buddha),
^^^^^^^^^^ orderly. With zeal he kept the
"pancashila" (five commandments),
observing the ceremonies of conse-
cration in good order
4. The color of "red and white" was also a royal symbol during Majapahit-era.
According to Nagara-Kertagama [5], Canto 7-Stanza 1:
To be described is the Illustrious Prince, His glory is: being the
Daymaker's equal, world-conquering "Prabhu",...., Well pleased are
the good people: RED lotus flower; quite are the bad people: WHITE
^^^^
lotus flowers, faithful, true.....
and Canto 83-Stanza 1:
This is the Illustrious Prince's excellence, obeyed in Tikta Wilwa
(Majapahit), a monarch..... By aspect RED lotus are the bad people,
by aspect of WHITE lotus flower are altogether the honoured good
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
people, loving to the (innermost of the) heart....
According to Pigeaud [6], the double use of the lotus-flower (Red and
White) comparison and its reverse meanings cannot be a coincident. Per-
haps, Mpu Prapanca's idea was to let the Majapahit King appear as a bene-
ficial giver of light in all circumstances, both by day (compared to
the sun, symbolized as Red) and by night (compared to thr moon, sym-
bolized as White). Therefore, RED and WHITE became the royal symbol of
during the Majapahit-era !!
5. Political order under the Majapahit Empire.
According to Nagara-Kertagama [7], the political order during the Majapa-
hit Empire was divided in two:
1. Regions in East Java and Madura were divided among a number of
provinces, e.g., Kahuripan and Kadiri. Principal Members of
the Royal Family were made Protectors ("natha") of the provinces.
2. Outer regions (also divided among a number of provinces) had their
authorities divided into two:
a. for secular interest: under Local Governors ("adhipati") and
vizirs ("patih"), all of whom were appointed by the King
b. for administration of justice according to Indian-Javanese law:
under judges ("dhyaksa") and assessors-at-law ("upapatti"),
all of whom were directly or indirectly appointed by
the King.
Now, we'll examine why the Majapahit Empire is accused of practising Imperi-
alism. Based on Lenin's theory, Imperialism (representing an old imperi-
alism) during the Majapahit Empire, i.e. Majapahit Imperialism, embraced only
two essential features:
A. Monopoly of Economy and Commerce [8]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In the 14th century in the Majapahit Empire, rice growing on terraced fields
was in no doubt the back-bone of economy. Tubers of many different kinds and
inferior cereals like millet were secondary products. Most of modern crops,
either for native consumption (maize, cassava) or for the world market (su-
garcane, coffee, tea, cacao, ruber) or for both (tobacco) were still un-
known or cultivated on a very limited scale. Probably, however, in the 14th
century, most Javanese ships standing out to sea from the dominions of the
Majapahit Kings had for destination other islands within the Archipelago,
and mainly the eastern spice-islands (the Moluccas). The share of native Ja-
vanese trade in interinsular and foreign commerce was founded primarily on
rice ! Having control of the country's rice supply, the Court was the para-
mount power in mercantile transactions. The people of the spice-islands (the
Moluccas) never grew enough rice for their home consumption, and foreign ships
could not leave for the long voyage home without sufficient provisions. No
doubt the travels made by Royal order (i.e. by traders provided with a Royal
patent) to foreign parts mentioned in the Nagara-Kertagama - Chapter 3 - con-
cerned mainly the spice-trade (from the Moluccas). The interest in the econo-
mic condition of the country manifested in the speeches of prominent members
of the Royal Family as related in the Nagara-Kertagama -Canto 88 - was prompt-
ed by solicitude for the rice-supply, the back-bone of the Court's economy.
Regarding foreign trade, in the 14th century Indian export to Java consisted
mainly of fine textiles. Indian batiked cloths may have been available al-
ready at the time. Perhaps the Chinese used to export earthenware and metals,
and silk textiles too. Traders of both nations and of the intermediate coun-
tries of Further India interchanged their merchandise in the ports of the
Archipelago, bought spices grown in the eastern islands (of Moluccas) as the
most profitable return cargo and provisioned their ships with rice grown in
the interior of Java for the long return voyage home. The share of native Ja-
vanese trade seems to have consisted mainly in the collecting of spices from
the Moluccas (the spices were bartered for Javanese rice) and the barter of
spices and rice (for ships' provision) against Indian and Chinese wares
brought by the foreign traders.
B. Territorial expansion
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This subject has been described elsewhere [9], and in this paragraph only
how territorial expansion was carried out by Majapahit Empire/Mapatih
Gadjah Mada will be given.
According to the Nagara-Kertagama (written by Mpu Prapanca in 1365 AD),
territorial expansion along with territorial subjugation was carried out
as follows (from source [10])
1. Canto 16, stanza 5:
Then, surely, the other lands, anywhere, that are in the guardian-
ship of the Javanese Royal compound are executing any orders of
the honoured Prince, equally, faithful in conduct. Even though
there were any commandment-breakers, they are visited by expeditio-
nary forces and annihilated altogether by the activity of those
(warriors) who belong to the Jaladhi (sea) mandarins, numerous,
glorious
2. Canto 17, stanza 1:
Already has begun the consolidation of the Prince's reign in Yawa-
land (Java), victorious over the other countries. There in Shripala
Tikta (Majapahit) town is He, being obeyed, working out the welfare
of the world.........(deleted)
3. Canto 40, stanza 1:
In the past, Shaka-year: ocean-points-of-the-compass-moon (1104 =
1182 AD), there was He, a great Prosecutor, in war uniquely manful,
manifestly a god by nature, not from a womb born, a son (produced)
by the activity of the Illustrious Girindra (Shiwa, Lord of the
Mountain), renowned. Equally awed, submissive were all the common
people, obeying at His feet, obsequiously bowing. The Illustrious
Ranggah Rajasa, renowned, was His name, victorious over his enemies,
a warlike hero, most clever.
4. Canto 40, stanza 3:
In Shaka: ocean-four-of-dice-Shangkaras (1144 = 1222 AD) He marched
against the Illustrious Prince of Kadinten (Kediri), the honoured
manful blameless Illustrious Kertajaya, versed in the books of lear-
ning of Tattwopadesha (Instruction of Reality). Soon he was defeat-
ed. How great was his fear ! Bearing in mind to fly he pushed his
was into the ajars (doctors)' place Parshwa Shunya. All the retinue,
in the first place the common prajurits (fighting men), anyone who
remained in the Royal residence, was annihilated.
5. Canto 40, stanza 4:
At the defeat of the honoured Illustrious Prince of Kediri, the whole
of Jawa-land (Java) was afraid, awed...... (deleted)
6. Canto 40, stanza 5:
The more increasing, growing now was power and magnificence with the
Illustrious Girindra's Own Son. Pleasant now was the security of
that Yawa-land (Java) obeying at His feet, being the Screen of the
world. In Shaka nine-oceans-Rudras (1149 = 1227 AD) in due time
was His demise, returning home to Heaven's regions.... (deleted)
7. Canto 41, stanza 2:
The Lord Jaya Wishnuwardhana, precisely, that was His son (note:
He was the son of the honoured Anusanatha, the successor of the
Illustrious Ranggah Rajasa), the honoured one who took his place
in being obeyed. The Lord Narasingha was His fellow... (deleted)..
They destroyed a miscreant by name Linggapati; he died, annihilated
altogether. Awed were all the enemies at Their feet here, surely
devine incarnations in the material world.
8. Canto 41, stanza 5:
(Note: the Lord Wishnu died in 1268 AD and was succeeded by Prince
Kertanegara)
To be recorded again is Prince Kertanegara, he destroyed a wicked,
bad man, by name Cayaraja, annihilated in that Shaka-year arms-cat-
tle-moon-earth (1192 = 1270 AD), deceased. Mountains-nine-existences
Shaka (1197 = 1275 AD) the honoured Prabhu ordered to take for goal
(of a military expedition) the country of Malayu there... (deleted)..
9. Canto 42, stanza 1:
The Shaka-year twins-empty-suns (1202 = 1280 AD) was the time of
the Prince's again killing a bad man, that Mahisa Rangkah. Uttermost
was his wickedness, loathed by the whole of the town.
In bodies-sky-sun Shaka (1206 = 1284 AD) He sent men yonder to the
land of Bali, to be subjugated. Without delay its Ratu (Queen) was
overpowered; made a captive, she came to the Prince according to
custom.
10. Canto 44, stanza 4:
(Note: Prince Kertanegara died in 1292 AD, and Raden Wijaya, later
indicated as Prince Kertarajasa Jayawardhana was His successor)
... (deleted)...
Then, son-in-law was His family relation, dyah (the high-born) Wija-
ya was the indication of the world, praising Him. Half with Tartar
men he beat haji (lord) Jaya Katwang (King of Kediri); exterminated
altogether.
11. Canto 48, stanza 2:
(Note: Prince Jayawardana died in 1309 AD and was succeeded by
Prince Jayanagara)
On the Shaka date releases-qualities-wings-shape (1238 = 1316 AD)
the Mandhu-month (Caitra, March-April) is now to be related: the
Illustrious Jayanagara, the Prabhu, was leaving to annihilate ene-
mies in Lumajang. Exterminated was pu Nambi (Sir Nambi), wrecked
the whole of the house and family in Pajarakan; their stronghold
was broken..... (deleted)...
12. Canto 49, stanza 3:
In fires-arrows-sun Shaka (1253 = 1331 AD) the enemies were annihil-
ated. Sadeng and Keta was defeated , the object of an expedition of
the personal retinue. That was the moment that the world's protect-
ion, (as to) its burden, passed on to the honoured mantri (mandarin)
with the name Mada (GADJAH MADA - phs), infinitely clever.
13. Canto 49, stanza 4:
Further, in the Shaka year arrows-seasons-eyes-navel (1265 = 1343 AD)
that Bali there, its Protectors were evil disposed, vile. Aimed at
by an expedition of the Royal servants there were exterminated, all
of them, destroyed. Awed were all kinds of evil-doers, retiring, run-
ning away.
14. Canto 70, stanza 3 ("The Royal Progress of 1363 AD"):
The Princes, going home from Simping, were in haste to come to the
Royal compound, anxious on account of the illness of the honoured
mantri (mandarin) the Adhimantri (chief mandarin) Gadjah Mada. His
worship had co-operated in the wished-for increase of Yawaland
(Java) in the past. Bali, Sadeng are clear cases of that (well-
known) success of his in annihilating enemies.
"Sumpah Pemuda", 28.x.1994: Critique of Neo-Majapahit Imperialism
=================================================================
The Republic of Indonesia under the Suharto Regime currently maintains some
symbolisms as well as political order as follows:
1. The motto "Bhineka Tunggal Ika" has been installed as the National Motto
which means "Unity in Diversity"; in reality around 54 per cent of Indo-
nesian TOP officials are of Javanese background and all civil servants
belong to the ruling Golkar Party (see explanation later in this para-
graph). So, what is the meaning of "Bhineka Tunggal Ika" under Suharto
then ??
2. The "Garuda" (a mythical bird related to the eagle and the phoenix during
the Majapahit-era) has been installed as the National Emblem
3. Pancasila (originated from "Pancashila" in the Nagara-Kertagama) has
been made the Indonesian Ideology. During the Sukarno Government
(or the Old Order Gov't), Pancasila was regarded as the Indonesian
State Philosophy. However, under the Presidency of Suharto, in 1985
the Indonesian Parliament adopted a law which requires the vast array of
non-governmental organizations to adopt Pancasila as their SOLE FOUN-
DATION. It can be concluded that under the Suharto Regime, Pancasila is
transferred from its origin as state philosopy (expressing national In-
donesian thinking) into a compulsory state ideology, which is equivalent
to "Pancashila" (five commandments) - which ought not to be criticized
and must be obeyed - as mentioned in the Nagara-Kertagama.
4. The red and white (again derived from Majapahit-era) has been installed
as sacred colors of the National Flag. According to the Indonesia Consti-
tution "UUD 45":
Indonesian flag is the "sacred" Red and White
-----------------------------------------------
Bendera Negara Indonesia ialah Sang Merah Putih
5. Political order under President Suharto also imitated that under the Maja-
pahit Empire. Please first see what the "UUD 45" says:
Article 1(1): Indonesia is a UNITARY state in the form of Republic
This law makes all regions/provinces of Indonesia subordinate to the
^^^^^^^^^^^
central government in Jakarta, the Capital, because there is no separa-
tion of power between the central and regional governments. Not only that,
but also all regional leaders (such as governors, "bupati"s, Military Com-
manders, etc) are directly or indirectly appointed by the central govern-
ment,i.e., President Suharto !!
Why is it that the current regime of Suharto is accused of practicing Im-
perialism, that is, Neo-Majapahit Imperialsm ? Again we need to use Lenin's
theory. For the time being due to this article's length, only monopoly
(the first and foremost feature of Imperialism) will be examined here.
Monopoly in this case is modified a little. Not only will monopoly in eco-
nomy be discussed, but also monopoly in politics will be looked at.
A The Formation of a Syndicate in Indonesian Politics
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
When the Old Order Government was in power from 1945 till 1967, it was
quite surprising that cabinet ministers came from different political
parties and backgrounds, even after the 1955 general election won by PNI,
22.3 per cent, followed by Masjumi, 20.9 per cent, by Nadhatul Ulama, 18.4
per cent, and by PKI (Indonesian Communist Party), 16.4 per cent. In Appen-
dix I, please find the information gathered from 1949 until 1957. Please
readers pay attention to some cabinet ministers who had No-Party, or were
nominally "Gol-Put" (using the current terminology), such as:
1. Drs. Mohammad Hatta
2. Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung
3. Sultan Hamengku Buwono IX
4. Ir. Djuanda
5. Sultan Hamid II
6. Dr. Suparmo
7. Mr. Asaat
8. Dr. Abdul Halim
9. Dr. Bahder Djohan
10. Mr. Muhammad Yamin
What happens right now ? All cabinet ministers belong to the ruling GOLKAR
Party including the President Suharto himself. IMHO, it is a set-back because
1) people from different political parties and 2) people who choose not
to belong to any political parties (or, "Gol-Put") will have NO chance to be
appointed as cabinet ministers. In addition, it is interesting to notice
how the GOLKAR party has deeply penetrated into our daily lives (please
see Appendix II). All from pedicab ("becak") drivers (see Appendix II,
section I) until intelectuals (see the same Appendix, section IV) belong to
the GOLKAR Party; otherwise, their careers in Indonesian politics will be
limited. This is what I mean with political monopoly carried out by the Su-
harto Regime through the syndicate of GOLKAR Party. The political monopo-
^^^^^^^^^
ly does not stop until that stage, however, because in every general election
in Indonesia (since 1982) all Indonesian civil servants - members of KORPRI
(Civil Servants' Corps of the Republic of Indonesia) - and their relatives
as well as friends are obliged to vote for the ruling GOLKAR party. The
following account is quoted from source [11]:
In September 1981, General Ali Murtopo, the Minister of Information,
told members of KORPRI to initiate a movement among themselves to
vote for GOLKAR. He suggested that the movement should begin with
their wives and their own friends. He also instructed his information
officers to explain to their subordinates in provincial and rural
areas that they should vote for GOLKAR, otherwise they would be
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
considered disloyal. Indonesian law stipulates that all civil ser-
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
vants are members of KORPRI. KORPRI is often regarded as a component
of GOLKAR. According to analysis, civil servants and their families
would provide 20 million votes, which is one-third (!) of the votes
needed by GOLKAR to win the 1982 election.
The above argument that KORPRI is often regarded as a component of GOLKAR,
so its members (Indonesian civil servants) as well as their families are
obliged to vote for GOLKAR during election is probably the biggest lie
of the century. How could KORPRI become part of GOLKAR ? In Appendix II,
we see nothing whatsoever about KORPRI as a component of GOLKAR, nor the
relations between KORPRI and GOLKAR. Again, this practice merely shows you
how the Neo-Majapahit Imperialists monopolize the Indonesia politics through
its syndicate of GOLKAR Party !!
^^^^^^^^^
B. The Formation of Syndicates in Indonesian Economy
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
In Appendix III, we'll see the profile of the top 50 companies listed in the
Jakarta Stock Exchange until 31st December 1993. If we do the same analysis
as Lenin did in his book "Imperialism: the Highest Stage of Capitalism"
(1939), we will find the following figure:
1. 50 companies out of 174, i.e. 29 per cent, control 73 per cent
of the total market capitalization,
2. three biggest companies (Astra International, Gudang Garam and
Indocement) out of the top 50 companies, i.e., 6 per cent, have
total sales Rp. 9,894.5 billion out of Rp. 23,134.3 (from the
top 50), that is, 43 per cent.
Point 2 indicates the concentration of production, while point 1 the con-
centration of capital (as pointed out by Ir. Sukarno).
However, it is sad to say that not all Indonesian big companies are listed in
the Jakarta Stock Exchange. Also, a different source may show a different
profile of the top Indonesian companies; one example is shown below:
10 BIGGEST INDONESIAN CONGLOMERATE IN 1989
===============================================
Business Group Annual Turnover
(Rp. billion)
-----------------------------------------------
Liem Sioe Liong (Wa- 8,100
ringin Kencana) Group
William Soerjadjaja 2,600
(Astra) Group
Sinar Mas Group 1,950
Lippo Group 1,800
BCA Group 1,720
Gudang Garam Group 1,500
Djarum Group 1,350
Wanadi (Pakarti Yoga) 1,280
Group
Panin Group 1,200
Darmadi Group 1,150
================================================
Source: Kompas Newspaper, 24.xi.1993, "Omzet 10
Konglomerat Kuasai 30 Persen PDB"
It is surprising to see that President Suharto Family Group has been skipped
during the preparation of the above table. Because of the above frustrating
information, we need to search for more information which finally leads us to
two biggest Indonesian conglomerates as follows:
1. the syndicate of President Suharto Family, which controls estimat-
ed total sales of Rp. 5,000 billion [12]
2. the syndicate of Liem Sioe Liong Family, which has total turnover
around US$ 8 billion [13]
The syndicate of President Suharto Family controls the following big compa-
nies [12]:
1. BIMANTARA Group
Major owners: Bambang Suharto, Indra Rukmana
Activities: Oil and Gas Transport, Wood, Animal Feed, Dairy,
Construction, Industrial Estates, Steel, Paint, Auto Assem-
bly, Shipping, Aviation, Trading, Banking, Television, Te-
lecommunications
Group revenues: Rp. 2.2 trillion (1991)
No. of subsidiaries: 134
No. of employees: 11,000
2. CITRA LAMTORO GUNG Group
Major owners: Tutut Suharto and Indra Rukmana
Activities: Sugar, wood, Pulp and Paper, pharmaceuticals, cons-
truction, toll roads, trading, televesion, telecommunications
Group revenues: Rp. 700 billion (1991)
No. of subsidiaries: 62
No. of employees: 2,400
3. HUMPUSS Group
Major owners: Tommy Suharto, Sigit Harjojudanto
Activities: Oil and gas transport, wood, banking, construction,
fertilizer, toll roads, trading, sugar, palm oil, shipping,
aviation
Group revenues: Rp. 2 trillion (1991)
No. of subsidiaries: 69
No. of employees: 13,000
The syndicate of Liem Sioe Liong Family control the following big companies
[13]:
1. Bogasari Flour Mills & Berdicari Sari Utama, which controls
100 per cent of flour milling
^^^^^^^^^^^^
2. Bank Central Asia (Rps 7.5 trillion in asset) which is Indonesia's
largest private bank
3. Indocement, which controls 44 per cent of the country's cement
^^^^^^^^^^^
production
4. Indomobil, which is the sole agency in Indonesia for Mazda, Nissan,
^^^^
Suzuki, Hini, and Volvo cars and trucks
5. Indomilk, which controls 35 per cent of Indonesia's condensed
^^^^^^^^^^^
and pasteurized milk market
6. Sarimie Asli, which controls 80 per cent of the domestic's
^^^^^^^^^^^
noodle market
7. Bimoli, which commands more than 50 per cent the bottled cooking
^^^^^^^^^^^
oil market
8. Cold Rolling Mill Indonesia, which is the country's sole produ-
^^^^
cer of cold-rolled steel plates and sheets.
Concluding Remarks
==================
After reading the above paragraphs, I do believe that we, especially the In-
donesian Youths (who'll observe the Youth Pledge Day tomorrow), do NOT need
to pay TOO much respect to:
1. The national motto "Bhineka Tunggal Ika",
2. The national emblem "Garuda",
3. The ideology "Pancasila",
4. The national flag Red and White,
5. The political order under the Suharto Regime,
because all of them, derivates of the Majapahit Empire, have been corrupted
by the Suharto Regime to revive the Majapahit Imperialism in Indonesia.
^^^^^^
Last but not least, syndicates in both Indonesian politics and economy have
to be annihilated, if we want to see a better Indonesia in the future. Other-
wise, those Neo-Majapahit Imperialists will become (and have become) the
PARASITES of the Indonesian society in general.
References
==========
[1] Teeuw, A., "Modern Indonesian Literature", p.22, The Hague (1967)
[2] Paget, R.K., "Indonesia Accuses ! : Soekarno's Defence Oration in
the Political Trial of 1930", Oxford University Press (1975)
[3] Lenin, V.I., "Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism", Inter-
national Publishers, New York (1939)
[4] Santosa, S., "Sutasoma: A Study in Javanese Wajrayana", International
Academy of Indian Culture, New Delhi (1975)
[5] Pigeaud, T.G.T., "Java in the 14th Century", vol.iii - Translations,
The Hague-Martinus Nijhoff (1962)
[6] Pigeaud, T.G.T., "Java in the 14th Century", pp. 267-268, vol.iv -
Commentaries and Recapitulation, The Hague-Martinus Nijhoff (1962)
[7] Pigeaud, T.G.T., "Java in the 14th Century", pp. 521-527, vol.iv -
Commentaries and Recapitulation, The Hague-Martinus Nijhoff (1962)
[8] Pigeaud, T.G.T., "Java in the 14th Century", pp. 494-504, vol.iv -
Commentaries and Recapitulation, The Hague-Martinus Nijhoff (1962)
[9] Salim, P.H., "Was Mapatih Gadjah Mada = an Imperialist ??", IDS-Net/
Indoz-net/Paroki-Net, 15.ix.1994
[10] Pigeaud, T.G.T., "Java in the 14th Century", vol.iii - Translations,
The Hague-Martinus Nijhoff (1962)
[11] Suryadinata, L., "Military Ascendancy and Political Culture: A Study
of Indonesia's GOLKAR", p. 97, Ohio University, (1989)
[12] Schwartz, A., "All is relative: Suharto family's businesses face
mounting criticism in Indonesia", FEER, 30.iv.92, pp.54-58
[13] Schwartz, A., "Empire of the Son", FEER, 14.iii.91, pp.46-53
Thanks for perusing,
Salam dari Calgary, Canada
Paul H. Salim
__________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX I
Ministers during the Old Order
(1949 - 1957)
[Source: Feith, H., "The Decline of Constitutional Democracy
in Indonesia", Cornell University Press (1962)]
A. The Hatta Cabinet, Dec 1949 - Aug 1950
Ministry Minister Region Party
Prime Minister & Drs.Mohammad RI Non-party
Minister of Fo- Hatta
reign Affairs
Home Affairs Ide Anak Agung East In- Non-party
Gde Agung donesia
Defence Hamengku Buwo- RI Non-party
no IX, Sultan
of Jogjakarta
Finance Mr.Sjafruddin RI Masjumi
Prawiranegara
Prosperity Ir.Djuanda RI Non-party
Education & Dr.Abu Hanifah RI Masjumi
Culture
Labor Mr.Wilopo RI PNI
Communications Ir.Herling Laoh RI PNI
& Public Works
Information Arnold Monotutu East In- PNI
donesia
Health Dr.Johannes Le- RI Parkindo
imena
Social Affairs Mr.Kosasih Pur- Pasundan Masjumi
wanegara
State Hamid II, Sultan Kalimantan Non-party
of Pontianak Barat
State Mr.Mohammad Roem RI Masjumi
State Dr.Suparmo Madura Non-party
B. The Natsir Cabinet, Sep 50 - Mar 51
Ministry Minister Party
Prime Minister Mohammad Natsir Masjumi
Deputy Prime Min- Sultan Hamengku Buwono IX Non-party
ister
Foreign Affairs Mr.Muhammad Roem Masjumi
Home Affairs Mr.Asaat Non-party
Defence Dr.Abdul Halim Non-party
Justice Mr.Wongsonegoro PIR
Information M.A.Pallaupessy Democratic
Fraction
Finance Mr.Sjafruddin Prawirane- Masjumi
gara
Agriculture Mr.Tandiono Manu PSI
Trade and Industry Dr.Sumitro Djojohadikusumo PSI
Communications Ir.Djuanda Non-party
Public Works & Prof.H. Johannes PIR
Power
Labor R.P. Suroso Parindra
Social Affairs F.S. Harjadi Catholic
Education Dr.Bahder Djohan Non-party
Religious Affairs K.H. Wachid Hasjim Masjumi
Health Dr.Johannes Leimena Parkindo
State Harsono Tjokroaminoto PSII
C. The Sukiman Cabinet, April 1951 - Feb 1952
Ministry Minister Party
Prime Minister Dr.Sukiman Wirjosandojo Masjumi
Deputy Prime Min- Suwirjo PNI
ister
Foreign Affairs Mr.Achmad Subardjo Masjumi
Home Affairs Mr.Iskaq Tjokroadisurjo PNI
Defence Sumitro Kolopaking / PIR/
Sewaka PIR
Justice Mr.Muhammad Yamin Non-party
Information Arnold Mononutu PNI
Finance Mr.Jusuf Wibisono Masjumi
Agriculture Ir.Suwarto Catholic
Trade and Industry Mr.Sujono Hadinoto / PNI/
Mr.Wilopo PNI
Communications Ir.Djuanda Non-party
Public Works & Ir.Ukar Bratakusumah PNI
Power
Labor I. Tedjasukmana Labor
Social Affairs Dr.Samsuddin Masjumi
Education Mr.Wongsonegoro PIR
Religious Affairs K.H. Wachid Hasjim Masjumi
Health Dr.Johannes Leimena Parkindo
General Affairs M.A. Pallaupessy Democratic
Fraction
Personnel Affairs R.P. Suroso Parindra
Agrarian Affairs Mr.Gondokusumo PIR
D. The Wilopo Cabinet, April 1952 - June 1953
Ministry Minister Party
Prime Minister Mr. Wilopo PNI
Deputy Prime Min- Prawoto Mangkusasmito Masjumi
ister
Foreign Affairs Mukarto Notowidigdo PNI
Home Affairs Mr.Mohammad Roem Masjumi
Defence Sultan Hamengku Buwono IX Non-party
Justice Mr.Lukman Wiriadinata PSI
Information Arnold Mononutu PNI
Finance Dr.Sumitro Djojohadikusumo PSI
Agriculture Mohammad Sardjan Masjumi
Economic Affairs Mr.Sumanang PNI
Communications Ir.Djuanda Non-party
Public Works Ir.Suwarto Catholic
Labor I. Tedjasukmana Labor
Social Affairs Anwar Tjokroaminoto PSII
Education Dr.Bahder Djohan Non-party
Religious Affairs K.H. Fakih Usman Masjumi
Health Dr.Johannes Leimena Parkindo
Personnel Affairs R.P. Suroso Parindra
E. The First Cabinet of Ali Sastroamidjojo, July 1953 - July 1955
Ministry Minister Party
Prime Minister Mr. Ali Sastroamidjojo PNI
First Deputy Prime Mr. Wongsonegoro PIR
Minister
Second Deputy Prime Zainul Arifin NU
Minister
Foreign Affairs Mr. Sunario PNI
Home Affairs Prof.Mr.Dr. Hazairin PIR
Defence Mr.Iwa Kusumasumantri Progressive
Fraction
Justice Mr.Djody Gondokusumo PRN
Information Dr.F.L. Tobing SKI
Finance Dr. Ong Eng Die PNI
Agriculture Sadjarwo BTI
Economic Affairs Mr.Iskaq Tjokroadisurjo PNI
Communications Abikusno Tjokrosujoso PSII
Public Works Prof.Ir. Rooseno PIR
Labor Prof.S.M. Abidin Labor
Social Affairs R.P. Suroso Parindra
Education Mr.Muhammad Yamin Non-party
Religious Affairs K.H. Masjkur NU
Health Dr.F.L. Tobing SKI
Agrarian Affairs Mohammad Hanafiah NU
State Welfare Sudibjo PSII
F. The Burhanuddin Harahap Cabinet, Aug 1955 - Mar 1956
Ministry Minister Party
Prime Minister Mr. Burhanuddin Harahap Masjumi
First Deputy Prime Djanu Ismadi PIR-Hazairin
Minister
Second Deputy Prime Harsono Tjokroaminoto PSII
Minister
Foreign Affairs Mr. Ide Anak Agung Gde Democratic Fraction
Agung
Home Affairs Mr. Sunarjo NU
Defence Mr. Burhanuddin Harahap Masjumi
Justice Mr. Lukman Wiriadinata PSI
Information Sjamsuddin Sutan Makmur PIR
Finance Prof.Dr. Sumitro Djojoha- PSI
dikusumo
Agriculture Mohammad Sardjan Masjumi
Economic Affairs I.J. Kasimo Catholic
Communications F. Laoh PRN
Communications Asrarudin Labor
(Junior Minister)
Labor I.Tedjasukmana Labor
Social Affairs Sudibjo PSII
Religious Affairs K.H. Iljas NU
Health Dr.Johannes Leimena Parkindo
Agrarian Affairs Mr. Gunawan PRN
State Abdul Hakim Masjumi
State Sutomo (alias Bung Tomo) Indonesian
People's Party
State Drs. Coomala Noor PIR-Hazairin
G. The Second Cabinet of Ali Sastroamidjojo, Mar 1956 - Mar 1957
Ministry Minister Party
Prime Minister Mr. Ali Sastroamidjojo PNI
First Deputy Prime Mr. Mohammad Roem Masjumi
Minister
Second Deputy Prime Idham Chalid NU
Minister
Foreign Affairs Roeslan Abdulgani PNI
Agung
Home Affairs Mr. Sunarjo NU
Defence Mr. Ali Sastroamidjojo PNI
Justice Prof.Mr. Muljatno Masjumi
Information Sudibjo PSII
Finance Mr.Jusuf Wibisono Masjumi
Agriculture Eni Karim PNI
Agriculture Sjech Marhaban PSII
(Junior Minister)
Economic Affairs Mr. Burhanuddin NU
Economic Affairs N.F. Umbas Parkindo
(Junior Minister)
Communications Suchjar Tedjasukmana Masjumi
Communications A.B. de Rozario Catholic
(Junior Minister)
Labor Sabilal Rasjad PNI
Social Affairs K.H. Fatah Jasin NU
Education Sarino Mangunpranoto PNI
Religious Affairs K.H. Iljas NU
Health Dr.H. Sinaga Parkindo
Agrarian Affairs Prof.Mr. Soehardi Catholic
Veterans' Affairs Dahlan Ibrahim IPKI
Parliamentary Re- H. Rusli Abdul Wahid Perti
lation
Planning Affairs Ir. Djuanda Non-party
__________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX II
A LIST OF MEMBER-ORGANIZATIONS OF GOLKAR
[Source: Suryadinata, L., "Military Ascendancy and Political Cul-
ture: A Study of Indonesia's GOLKAR", pp. 163-174, Ohio University,
(1989)]
I. Member organizations of SOKSI
1. Labor Organizations: Konsentrasi Golongan Karya Buruh, Persatuan Kar-
yawan Kereta Api, Persatuan Karyawan Buruh Minyak, Konsen-
trasi Buruh Pelabuhan Indonesia, Persatuan Pelaut Indonesia,
Persatuan Karyawan Farmasi, Persatuan Karyawan Pekerjaan U-
mum, Badan Kerja Sama Perusahaan Niaga Negara, Persatuan
Karyawan Pendidik, Persatuan Karyawan Pariwisata, Persatuan
Karyawan Asuransi Indonesia, Persatuan Karyawan Batik Swas-
ta Indonesia, Persatuan Karyawan Makanan dan Minuman, Per-
satuan Karyawan Kendaraan Bermotor, Persatuan Karyawan
Becak Seluruh Indonesia, Persatuan Karyawan Pegawai Negeri,
Persatuan Karyawan Niaga, PERKASA, PERKACHIPTA, PERKADIRGA,
PERKADUMA, PERKADIRI, PERKAPANCA, PERKANEKA, PERKA PEMBANGUN-
AN NIAGA, PERKA, KARTA NIAGA
2. Farmer's Organization: Rukun Tani Indonesia
3. Fishermen's Organization: Persatuan Karyawan Perikanan Nelayan Indo-
nesia
4. Intellectual's Organization: Gerakan Cendekiawan Indonesia
5. Women's Organization: Gerakan Wanita Sosialis Indonesia, Persatuan Is-
teri Karyawan
6. Youth's Organization: Pelopor Pemuda Progresip Indonesia
7. Student's Organization: Pelopor Pelajar Sosialis Indonesia
8. University Student's Organization: Pelopor Mahasiswa Sosialis Indonesia
9. Cultural Organization: Lembaga Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia
10. Religious Organization: Ikatan Karyawan Rohani
II. Member Organizations of KOSGORO
1. Labor Organizations: Persatuan Karyawan dan Buruh Indonesia which has
the following affiliated organizations:
Kesatuan Buruh Angkutan, Kesatuan Pengemudi Roda Tiga, Kesa-
tuan Karyawan dan Buruh Kereta Api, Kesatuan Karyawan dan
Buruh Penerbangan, Kesatuan Karyawan dan Buruh Pertambangan
Minyak, Kesatuan Karyawan dan Buruh Pertambangan, Kesatuan
Karyawan dan Buruh Tekstil, Kesatuan Karyawan dan Buruh Per-
tanian, Kesatuan Karyawan dan Buruh Pekerjaan Umum, Kesatuan
Karyawan dan Buruh Gas dan Listrik, Kesatuan Karyawan dan
Buruh Perhotelan, Kesatuan Karyawan dan Buruh Bank, Kesatuan
Karyawan dan Buruh Assuransi, Kesatuan Karyawan dan Buruh
Pertokoan, Kesatuan Karyawan dan Buruh Postel, Kesatuan Kar-
yawan dan Buruh Departemen Tenaga Kerja, Kesatuan Karyawan
Departemen Dalam Negeri, Kesatuan Karyawan Departemen Per-
dagangan
2. Farmer's Organization: Warga Tani KOSGORO
3. Fishermen's Organization: Nelayan KOSGORO
4. Youth's Organization: Pemuda KOSGORO
5. Intellectual's Organization: Ikatan Sarjana KOSGORO
6. University Student's Organization: Gerakan Mahasiswa KOSGORO
7. Student's Organization: Gerakan Siswa KOSGORO
8. Women's Organization: Wanita KOSGORO
9. Religious Organization: Persatuan Bahariwan KOSGORO
III. Member Organizations of MKGR
1. Labor Organization: Buruh MKGR
2. Farmer's Organization: Tani MKGR
3. Intellectual's Organization: Musyawarah Sarjana Indonesia MKGR
4. Women's Organization: Wanita MKGR
5. Student's Organization: Musyawarah Pelajar Indonesia MKGR
6. Youth's Organization: Musyawarah Pemuda Gotong Royong MKGR
7. University Student's Organization: Musyawarah Kekeluargaan Mahasiswa
Indonesia
8. Fishermen's Organization: Nelayan MKGR
9. Religious Organization: Bahariwan MKGR
10. Cultural Organization: Seniman MKGR
11. Religious Organization: Alim Ulama MKGR
12. Cooperative Organization: Koperasi Pengusaha Nasional MKGR
13. Educational Organization: Musyawarah Karyawan Pendidik Indonesia
IV. Professional Organizations:
Persatuan Ahli Gizi Indonesia, Sarjana Demokrat Indonesia, Ikatan
Dokter Indonesia, Ikatan Sarjana Pembangunan Indonesia, Persatuan
Sarjana Hukum Indonesia, Persatuan Dokter Gigi Indonesia, Ikatan
Sarjana Ekonomi Indonesia, Persatuan Sarjana Karyawan Pendidikan
Pusat, Persatuan Insinyur Indonesia, Golongan Karya Technisi In-
donesia, Ikatan Sarjana Wanita Indonesia, Persatuan Sarjana Mus-
limin Indonesia, Ikatan Sarjana Katholik, Ikatan Sarjana Farmasi
Indonesia, Persatuan Ahli Farmasi Indonesia, Persatuan Warga Ke-
jaksaan, Perhimpunan Ekonomi Pertahanan Indonesia, Persatuan Tech-
nisi Ahli Pembangunan, Gerakan Cendekiawan Swadiri Indonesia, Ika-
tan Sarjana Kosgoro, Musyawarah Sarjana Indonesia, Persatuan Sar-
jana Ilmu Administrasi Negara, Persatuan Purnawiraan Kejaksaan,
Badan Konsultasi KEB-KAR-SOS-POL, Gerakan Cendekiawan Republik
Indonesia, Perhimpunan Dokter Hewan Indonesia, Persatuan Guru
Republik Indonesia, Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia
V. Member Organizations of Ormas Hankam (Defence and Security):
P.P. Jalasenastri, P.P. Beayonokari, Puswankamra, Persatuan Istri
Purnawirawan ABRI, Persatuan Purnawirawan ABRI, Markas Besar Le-
giun Veteran, Ikatan Keluarga Departemen Urusan Veteran dan Demo-
bilisasi, Pia Ardya Garini, Persit Kartika Chandra Kirana, Persa-
tuan Isteri Veteran dan Karyawan, Persatuan Pegawai ALRI
VI. Federation of Employees of the Republic of Indonesia
1. Koordinasi Ikatan-2 Pancasila:
Labor Organization: Sentral Organisasi Buruh Pancasila
Farmer's Organization: Ikatan Petani Pancasila
Fishermen's Organization: Ikatan Nelayan Pancasila
Medical Organization: Para Medis Pancasila
2. Badan Koordinasi Organisasi Karya Kristen Indonesia:
Labor Organization: Kesatuan Pekerja Kristen Indonesia
Farmer's Organization: Persatuan Kristen Tani Indonesia
Cultural Organization: Lembaga Kebudayaan Kristen Indonesia
Fishermen's Organization: Ikatan Nelayan Masehi Indonesia
Students' Organization: Persatuan Pelajar Kristen Indonesia
3. Gabungan Organisasi Massa Demokrat Indonesia:
Labor Organization: Kesatuan Buruh Kerakyatan Indonesia
Farmer's Organization: Kesatuan Tani Nelayan Indonesia
Fishermen's Organization: Angkatan Nelayan Nasional Indonesia
Youth Organization: Pemuda Demokrat Indonesia
Women's Organization: Wanita Demokrat Indonesia
University Students' Organization: Mahasiswa Demokrat Indonesia
Cultural Organization: Seni Budaya Demokrat Indonesia
4. Gerakan Kerakyatan Untuk Pembangunan:
Farmer's Organization: Gerakan Tani Indonesia
Women's Organization: Gerakan Wanita Sosialis Indonesia
Youth's Organization: Gerakan Pemuda Sosialis
5. Gabungan Karyawan Demokrasi Pancasila:
Labor Organization: Ikatan Buruh Pelabuhan/Pelayanan dan Pembangunan
Republik Indonesia, Ikatan Buruh Perkebunan Indonesia, Ke-
satuan Buruh Umum Seluruh Indonesia
Farmer's Organization: Persatuan Rakyat Tani, Syarikat Tani Indonesia,
Persatuan Tani Nelayan
Women's Organization: Wanita Satya Praja
6. Karyawan Pegawai Negeri: SSPTT, SSDP, S.B. DAMRI, S.B. PEGADAIAN,
SKDN, PDKI, PERKARYATRI, SPB/T, IKWANDEP, PBKA
7. Kelompok Karya Usahawan Nasional: ORGANDA, GABSI, GENSI, Pedagang-2
Kecil, Perantara
8. Spiritual/Alim Ulama, Persatuan Pembela Tharekat Islam:
Labor Organization: Himpunan Buruh Muslim
Farmer/Fishermen's Org.: Himpunan Tani/Nelayan Tauhid Islam
Youth Org.: Himpunan Pemuda/Pelajar/Mahasiswa Tauhid Islam
Women's Org.: Himpunan Wanita Tauhid Islam
Cultural Org.: Himpunan Seni/Budaya Muslimin Indonesia
Religious Teachers' Org.: Angkatan Muda Tauhid Islam, Persatuan Pri-
yayi Indonesia, Corps Syuhuda, Corps Ulama, Angkatan Muslimin
Indonesia
9. Youth: Ikatan Pemuda Pelajar Indonesia Pancasila
10. Women: Persatuan Wanita Republik Indonesia, Pengurus Besar Pasundan
Istri Bandung, Pemuda Putri Indonesia
11. Front Persatuan Indonesia, & Federasi Buruh Islam Indonesia
12. Persatuan Buruh Massa Pegawai Golongan Agama Demokrat
13. Karyawan Inti Antar Rakyat
14. Koordinasi Karyawan Pegawai Departemen-2 Dalam Negeri (KOKARMENDAGRI)
15. Karyawan Pembangunan Indonesia
VII. (Note: Formally these organizations were not members of GOLKAR. Their
programs are similar to those of GOLKAR and GOLKAR cadres
are posted in these organizations)
A. Special Organizations: GUPPI, LEMKARI, Gabungan Tridharma, Persatu-
an Tarbiyyah Islamiah, Majelis Dakwah Islamiyah
B. Professional and Functional Organizations: Federasi Buruh Seluruh
Indonesia (FBSI), Himpunan Kerukunan Tani Indonesia (HKTI),
Himpunan Nelayan Seluruh Indonesia (HNSI), Komite Nasional
Pemuda Indonesia (KNPI), Persatuan Wartawan Indonesia (PWI),
Kongres Wanita Indonesia (KOWANI), Angkatan Muda Pembangunan
Indonesia (AMPI)
____________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX III
The Top 50 Companies listed on the Jakarta Stock Exchange
(in Billion of Rupiah)
======================================================================
Rank Company Sector Year to Sales Net Profit Total Assets
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1.Astra Inter- Vehicles Dec 92 4,462.7 81.5 5,184.5
national
2.Gudang Garam Tobacco Dec 92 3,295.0 49.0 2,666.0
3.Indocement Cement/ Dec 92 2,136.8 327.4 4,795.2
Food
4.Unilever Consumer Dec 92 791.4 68.2 306.2
goods
5.Barito Paci- Timber Dec 92 769.4 79.8 1,750.0
fic Timber
6.JAPFA Com- Animal Dec 92 634.1 23.8 499.0
feed feed
7.United Trac- Heavy Dec 92 600.3 27.0 770.6
tors Eqpmt.
8.Polysindo Textiles Dec 92 597.7 100.2 951.7
Eka Perka-
sa
9.SMART Planta- Dec 92 518.0 30.3 350.3
tions
10.HM Sampoer- Tobacco Dec 92 494.1 54.1 849.2
na
11.Tjiwi Kimia Pulp & Dec 92 492.2 66.2 1,372.2
paper
12.Matahari Dept. Dec 92 487.0 11.2 390.1
Stores
13.Hero Retail Dec 92 432.2 12.5 278.8
14.Indah Kiat Pulp & Dec 92 424.8 121.8 3,008.5
paper
15.Modern Pho- Film & Dec 92 369.3 31.6 326.9
to Cameras
16.Argo Pantes Textiles Dec 92 363.7 8.1 695.9
17.CP Indone- Animal Dec 92 341.5 21.9 262.4
sia feed
18.Jakarta Int Hotel Dec 92 308.9 57.1 1,648.5
Hotel
19.TMS Cable Dec 92 283.3 11.6 187.3
20.Gadjah Tung Tyres Dec 92 269.7 36.0 326.9
gal
21.Petrosea Mining & Dec 92 268.7 21.3 215.5
Construc
tion
22.Sucaco Cable Dec 92 250.5 25.5 307.2
23.Indorama Textiles Dec 92 242.1 44.9 619.9
Syn
24.Teijin Fi- Textiles Jun 93 240.3 12.3 565.1
bre Co.
25.Kalbe Far- Pharma- Dec 92 235.6 34.1 347.3
ma ceuticals
26.Tigaraksa Distribu- Dec 92 223.6 11.4 224.9
Satria tion
27.Branta Mu- Tyre Cord Dec 92 221.4 46.5 516.8
lia
28.Bakrie & Steel,ca- Dec 92 213.7 4.1 370.6
Bros bles,pipes
29.Bayer Pharma- Dec 92 199.7 3.7 109.5
ceuticals
30.Goodyear Tyres Dec 92 197.3 27.9 131.7
31.Semen Ci- Cement Dec 92 192.6 25.2 867.4
binong
32.Inco Nickel Dec 92 192.2 36.0 720.1
33.UIC Chemicals Dec 92 168.2 38.5 479.7
34.Hadtex In- Textiles Dec 92 166.7 36.9 583.7
dosyntex
35.Semen Gre- Cement Dec 92 165.8 79.4 911.0
sik
36.Inti Indo- Pulp & Dec 92 163.0 92.5 1,778.6
rayon paper
37.Astra Gra- Office Dec 92 150.0 3.6 178.1
phia Eqpmnt.
38.Tjilatjap Animal Dec 92 148.7 6.6 125.2
Palleti- Feed
sing
39.Sekar Bu- Agribu- Dec 92 134.6 9.1 159.3
mi siness
40.Metrodata Compu- Dec 92 133.4 7.1 91.3
Elect ters
41.Voksel Cable Dec 92 125.8 12.2 126.6
42.Argha Kar- Synthe- Dec 92 124.8 12.9 251.9
ya tics
43.Summarecon Hotel Dec 92 120.5 24.4 318.0
44.Mayora In- Biscu- Dec 92 120.1 13.5 168.4
dah its,
sweets
45.Jembo Ca- Cable Dec 92 119.0 12.0 168.1
ble
46.CP Prima Animal Dec 92 117.8 6.8 88.2
Feed
47.Plaza In- Proper- Dec 92 117.2 10.5 604.1
donesia ty
Realty
48.Evershine Textiles Dec 92 105.3 18.0 126.2
Tex
49.Kabelmetal Cable Dec 92 103.7 15.3 162.9
50.Great River Textiles Dec 92 99.9 8.4 200.1
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 23,134.3 1,919.9 38,685.7
====================================================================
Market capitalisation (Dec 31, 1993): US$43.1 billion
Capitalisation of top 50 companies (Dec 31, 1993): US$31.3 billion
Total number of companies listed (Dec 31, 1993): 174
Source: Asian Business, March 1994, pp.30-1.